<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?><?xml-stylesheet href="http://www.blogger.com/styles/atom.css" type="text/css"?><feed xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom' xmlns:openSearch='http://a9.com/-/spec/opensearchrss/1.0/' xmlns:georss='http://www.georss.org/georss' xmlns:gd='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005' xmlns:thr='http://purl.org/syndication/thread/1.0'><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-32597052</id><updated>2012-01-04T23:42:47.578-02:00</updated><category term='genéricos'/><category term='cefaléia'/><category term='planos de saúde'/><category term='México'/><category term='câncer de mama'/><category term='China'/><category term='seguro-saúde'/><category term='plano de saúde'/><category term='obesidade'/><category term='eugenia'/><category term='aliskiren'/><category term='legislação'/><category term='FDA'/><category term='doença pulmonar'/><category term='Chagas'/><category term='ações judiciais'/><category term='aborto'/><category term='doença cerebrovascular'/><category term='ensaio clínico'/><category term='Brasil em Dados'/><category term='Africa'/><category term='migração'/><category term='medicina do consumidor'/><category term='administração hospitalar'/><category term='institutos de pesquisa'/><category term='orçamento'/><category term='imprensa médica'/><category term='diabetes'/><category term='demografia'/><category term='gardasil'/><category term='transfusão'/><category term='corrupção'/><category term='tabagismo'/><category term='dependência química'/><category term='testes genéticos'/><category term='ética'/><category term='ditaduras'/><category term='tortura'/><category term='medicamentos novos'/><category term='América Latina'/><category term='alcoolismo'/><category term='médicos'/><category term='Big Pharma'/><category term='raça'/><category term='universidade'/><category term='SUS'/><category term='recursos humanos'/><category term='pobreza'/><category term='Argentina'/><category term='TRIPS'/><category term='homicídios'/><category term='envelhecimento'/><category term='patentes'/><category term='marketing'/><category term='MASS'/><category term='reposição hormonal'/><category term='Russia'/><category term='drogas'/><category term='indústria farmacêutica'/><category term='EUA'/><category term='câncer'/><category term='dieta'/><category term='França'/><category term='irradiação solar'/><category term='colesterol'/><category term='vigilância epidemiológica'/><category term='inovação'/><category term='prevalência'/><category term='financiamento'/><category term='desnutrição'/><category term='tecnologia'/><category term='pena de morte'/><category term='passionalidade'/><category term='Asia'/><category term='contracepção'/><category term='crack'/><category term='anemia'/><category term='informação'/><category term='gestão'/><category term='política de medicamentos'/><category term='salários'/><category term='doença negligenciada'/><category term='guerra'/><category term='insuficiência renal'/><category term='fraude'/><category term='ética em pesquisa'/><category term='India'/><category term='cerebrovascular'/><category term='lobby'/><category term='Tailândia'/><category term='genética'/><category term='aids'/><category term='vacina'/><category term='hipertensão'/><category term='direitos humanos'/><category term='papilomavírus'/><category term='analgesia'/><category term='aterosclerose'/><category term='educação'/><category term='prescrição'/><category term='estressores'/><category term='África'/><category term='avandia'/><category term='violência'/><category term='transplante'/><category term='prontuário médico'/><category term='economia em saúde'/><category term='enfermeiros'/><category term='imprensa'/><category term='política de saúde'/><category term='hormônios'/><category term='NNT'/><category term='feminicídio'/><category term='mão de obra qualificada'/><category term='stent'/><category term='clopidogrel'/><category term='mortalidade'/><title type='text'>Blog do Paulo Lotufo</title><subtitle type='html'>espaço destinado à informação e ao debate de assuntos relacionados à demografia, epidemiologia, história da medicina, indústria farmacêutica e economia em saúde no Brasil e no mundo.
                correio:palotufo@usp.br</subtitle><link rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#feed' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://paulolotufo.blogspot.com/feeds/posts/default'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/32597052/posts/default?max-results=100'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://paulolotufo.blogspot.com/'/><link rel='hub' href='http://pubsubhubbub.appspot.com/'/><link rel='next' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/32597052/posts/default?start-index=101&amp;max-results=100'/><author><name>Paulo Lotufo</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/05540292263683792198</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><generator version='7.00' uri='http://www.blogger.com'>Blogger</generator><openSearch:totalResults>898</openSearch:totalResults><openSearch:startIndex>1</openSearch:startIndex><openSearch:itemsPerPage>100</openSearch:itemsPerPage><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-32597052.post-6900794882924287206</id><published>2011-11-07T09:51:00.002-02:00</published><updated>2011-11-07T09:51:24.537-02:00</updated><title type='text'>Atendimento do Câncer no SUS: a proposta de central de internação em 2001,</title><content type='html'>&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;Reproduzo abaixo texto publicado em 20 de abril de 2001 na Folha de S.Paulo, ou seja há mais de dez anos. Raul e eu, consideramos a necessidade de uma central de internação que evitasse filas múltiplas e priorizassem quem tivesse melhor prognóstico. A sua existência permitiria um relacionamento entre o público e o privado com ganho para todos, principalmente para os pacientes.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;Fica o registro.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="color: navy;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="color: navy;"&gt;TENDÊNCIAS/DEBATES&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: large;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;O atendimento de câncer pelo SUS&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px;"&gt;
&lt;b&gt;RAUL CUTAIT e PAULO LOTUFO&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
O câncer é uma doença comumente associada à morte, mas é curável em mais de 50% dos casos. A evolução favorável depende do tipo de tumor, da fase em que ele é diagnosticado e do tratamento realizado. Quando a cura não é possível, cabe aos médicos e ao sistema de saúde oferecer todas as medidas que não apenas prolonguem a vida, mas que também mitiguem o sofrimento físico e emocional que, não raro, atinge tanto os pacientes quanto os seus familiares.&lt;br /&gt;
A abordagem do câncer -doença que é responsável por 15% de todos os óbitos no Brasil- costuma ser complexa e de alto custo. Requer, além de médicos e de outros profissionais de saúde competentes, instituições equipadas e que tenham uma estrutura organizacional que facilite o atendimento aos pacientes com a doença.&lt;br /&gt;
No nosso país, cerca de 80% de todos os portadores de tumores são atendidos pelo SUS (Sistema Único de Saúde), o qual ainda não está convenientemente estruturado para atender à demanda existente. Os Cacons (Centros de Alta Complexidade em Oncologia), referências do SUS, conseguem atender apenas de 5% a 10% de todos os casos, cabendo aos hospitais gerais o restante do atendimento.&lt;br /&gt;
Em recente debate sobre o atendimento de câncer pelo SUS, promovido pela Associação Paulista de Medicina e pela Folha, com a participação de figuras representativas do setor, foram discutidos alguns tópicos que geraram reflexões e propostas.&lt;br /&gt;
Um dos principais gargalos do atendimento de câncer pelo SUS se dá porque o sistema só é acionado após a feitura do diagnóstico. Como este depende de conhecimentos médicos e de exames nem sempre disponíveis, é comum haver uma indesejável demora na sua feitura. Deve-se pensar em uma nova política de encaminhamento, baseada não no caso confirmado, mas quando do surgimento da suspeita de câncer.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;table style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px; width: 250px;"&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;hr noshade="" size="2" /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Ao rápido atendimento devemos agregar a qualidade, mensurada pelos bons resultados do tratamento e pelos custos&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;hr noshade="" size="2" /&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;
&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px;"&gt;Isso geraria uma maior agilidade -conforme a experiência de Jaú com centros de triagem- e uma economia de recursos -de acordo com estudos recentes do Hospital do Câncer.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px;"&gt;Por outro lado, não basta um diagnóstico ágil sem o rápido acesso ao tratamento. Isso é um problema adicional no SUS, em razão do número limitado de Cacons e do baixo interesse dos hospitais gerais em criar estruturas que favoreçam o atendimento ao câncer. A solução passa por estimular o credenciamento de mais hospitais e de serviços especializados de reconhecida competência. A vantagem de uma remuneração diferenciada, à semelhança do que se oferece aos Cacons, é um bom estímulo para ampliar o número de centros de atendimento.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px;"&gt;Nessa mesma linha de raciocínio, ao rápido atendimento devemos agregar a qualidade de atendimento, mensurada pelos bons resultados do tratamento e pelos seus custos. Para tanto, além de hospitais adequadamente equipados, é necessário investir maciçamente na equipe de profissionais de saúde.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px;"&gt;Qualidade não deve ser prerrogativa de hospitais sofisticados ou de centros universitários, cabendo aos hospitais públicos que se organizem para melhorar os seus padrões de atendimento. Educação continuada e reuniões multidisciplinares, que implicam melhores decisões e aprimoramento científico dos médicos e de outros profissionais, devem ser obrigatórias nos centros e nos serviços credenciados.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px;"&gt;A utilização de condutas clínicas padronizadas, uma importante ferramenta, deve ser também considerada. Um outro aspecto a ser ponderado é quanto à necessidade de encaminhar pacientes com tumores menos frequentes para centros de referência, com o objetivo de garantir uma melhor qualidade de atendimento.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px;"&gt;Devemos, finalmente, ponderar sobre a conveniência de criarmos centrais para a triagem e o atendimento nos casos com suspeita ou com diagnóstico confirmado de câncer, a fim de abreviarmos o período de espera para exames e para tratamento, além de acabar com as filas hoje existentes em alguns hospitais.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px;"&gt;Acreditamos que a implantação dessas propostas poderá, num médio prazo, melhorar de maneira considerável o atendimento de pacientes com câncer pelo SUS, tornando-o mais efetivo e mais humano.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;hr noshade="" size="1" style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px;" /&gt;
&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px;"&gt;Raul Cutait, 51, é professor associado da Faculdade de Medicina da USP, diretor do Centro de Oncologia do Hospital Sírio Libanês e presidente do Instituto para o Desenvolvimento da Saúde. Paulo Lotufo, 44, é professor da USP, diretor da Divisão de Clínica Médica do Hospital Universitário da USP e diretor científico da Associação Paulista de Medicin&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/32597052-6900794882924287206?l=paulolotufo.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://paulolotufo.blogspot.com/feeds/6900794882924287206/comments/default' title='Postar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=32597052&amp;postID=6900794882924287206' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/32597052/posts/default/6900794882924287206'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/32597052/posts/default/6900794882924287206'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://paulolotufo.blogspot.com/2011/11/atendimento-do-cancer-no-sus-proposta.html' title='Atendimento do Câncer no SUS: a proposta de central de internação em 2001,'/><author><name>Paulo A. Lotufo</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/00246144050660663066</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-32597052.post-8805175555116540346</id><published>2011-08-13T00:50:00.000-03:00</published><updated>2011-08-13T00:50:36.573-03:00</updated><title type='text'>Nova casa em setembro</title><content type='html'>Aguardem estaremos de volta em setembro/outubro em portal específico de notícias em saúde.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/32597052-8805175555116540346?l=paulolotufo.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://paulolotufo.blogspot.com/feeds/8805175555116540346/comments/default' title='Postar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=32597052&amp;postID=8805175555116540346' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/32597052/posts/default/8805175555116540346'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/32597052/posts/default/8805175555116540346'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://paulolotufo.blogspot.com/2011/08/nova-casa-em-setembro.html' title='Nova casa em setembro'/><author><name>Paulo A. Lotufo</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/00246144050660663066</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-32597052.post-882617175097585898</id><published>2011-04-22T10:07:00.000-03:00</published><updated>2011-04-22T10:07:53.005-03:00</updated><title type='text'>Estamos de volta....</title><content type='html'>Esse blogue está retornando após dois anos parado. Ainda estarei remodelando e atualizando as informações.&lt;br /&gt;
Aguardo sua visita&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/32597052-882617175097585898?l=paulolotufo.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://paulolotufo.blogspot.com/feeds/882617175097585898/comments/default' title='Postar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=32597052&amp;postID=882617175097585898' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/32597052/posts/default/882617175097585898'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/32597052/posts/default/882617175097585898'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://paulolotufo.blogspot.com/2011/04/estamos-de-volta.html' title='Estamos de volta....'/><author><name>Paulo A. Lotufo</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/00246144050660663066</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-32597052.post-3890263831486624861</id><published>2009-10-17T17:52:00.002-03:00</published><updated>2009-10-17T18:10:01.740-03:00</updated><title type='text'>Uma experiência interessante.</title><content type='html'>&lt;div align="justify"&gt;Interessante foi a palavra mais utilizada nesse blogue para valorizar notícias. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;Mas, desde 01 de maio esse blogue não foi atualizado e, provavelmente não será nos próximos meses até que se consiga criar uma nova estrutura que garanta ao mesmo tempo amplitude e profundidade dos temas abordados.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;O blogue tinha uma audiência entre 200-300 internautas por dia, pouco se comparado a outros, mas atingia exatamente o público a que se destinava: imprensa, formadores de opinião e acadêmicos.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;Parei o blogue porque:&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;(1) falta de tempo:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;porque não assumir que esse é o nosso maior problema e deixar de culpar tudo e a todos?&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;(2) controle de qualidade deficiente:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;Erros de digitação e de concordância que me irritavam.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;mas, principalmente a insatisfação em não conseguir conferir a fundo várias informações veiculadas;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;(3) contradição entre a atividade acadêmica e a liberdade de expressão:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;Parece uma bobagem imensa a frase acima, mas estar na Universidade, no meio científico implica controlar-se o tempo inteiro, limitar sua expressão ao mínimo para evitar revides contundentes. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;Sempre tentei ser o mais transparente possível nas relações com a indústria e governo, mas como ser "independente" com tantos compromissos assumidos - de forma legal e legítima - tanto com o poder público como com empresas?&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;A proposta que lanço a quem se interessar é criar uma página eletrônica com conteúdo jornalístico acompanhado de blogues com diversidade de opiniões, onde o Blog do Paulo Lotufo, poderá retomar suas atividades.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/32597052-3890263831486624861?l=paulolotufo.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://paulolotufo.blogspot.com/feeds/3890263831486624861/comments/default' title='Postar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=32597052&amp;postID=3890263831486624861' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/32597052/posts/default/3890263831486624861'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/32597052/posts/default/3890263831486624861'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://paulolotufo.blogspot.com/2009/10/uma-experiencia-interessante.html' title='Uma experiência interessante.'/><author><name>Paulo A. Lotufo</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/00246144050660663066</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-32597052.post-878673081496852398</id><published>2009-05-01T01:23:00.002-03:00</published><updated>2009-05-01T01:37:05.593-03:00</updated><title type='text'>O caso Vioxx e autores fantasmas: quase dez anos de história</title><content type='html'>&lt;div align="justify"&gt;O caso Vioxx já deu muito o que falar. Um medicamento excelente para uso por curto período, o rofecoxib, foi empurrado goela abaixo para uso crônico pelo fabricante. No Brasil, Vioxx pela Merck-Sharp Dohme. O artigo inicial publicado em novembro de 2000 chamado VIGOR mostrava a que o rofecoxib e, um medicamento tradicional, naproxeno eram tão efetivos quanto no tratamento da artrite reumatóide. Mas, os efeitos gastrointestinais eram raros no grupo que usou o rofecoxib. Inicou-se a febre Vioxx..&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;Menos de um ano após a publicação, uma revisão dos próprios dados do VIGOR e de outros dois menores apontava o risco maior de infarto do miocárdio. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;A empresa abafou o fato de acordo com a capacidade de reação de cada comunidade acadêmica.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;Para isso publicou um artigo na revista Circulation contradizendo a análise que apontava risco.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;Hoje, publica-se extensa reportagem - impossível de reproduzir aqui - sobre o processo de montagem do artigo e, da escolha de um professor da Tufs University que seria um autor fantasma. O link da reportagem é &lt;a href="http://www.theheart.org/article/965721.do#bib_3"&gt;http://www.theheart.org/article/965721.do#bib_3&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/32597052-878673081496852398?l=paulolotufo.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://paulolotufo.blogspot.com/feeds/878673081496852398/comments/default' title='Postar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=32597052&amp;postID=878673081496852398' title='4 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/32597052/posts/default/878673081496852398'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/32597052/posts/default/878673081496852398'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://paulolotufo.blogspot.com/2009/05/o-caso-vioxx-e-autores-fantasmas-quase.html' title='O caso Vioxx e autores fantasmas: quase dez anos de história'/><author><name>Paulo A. Lotufo</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/00246144050660663066</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>4</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-32597052.post-5388109867414268553</id><published>2009-04-28T07:14:00.006-03:00</published><updated>2009-05-01T01:22:57.447-03:00</updated><title type='text'>O governo do Irã é mais do que está na imprensa</title><content type='html'>&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Entidades médicas e ONG de ação contra a aids bem que poderiam enviar uma moção ao presidende do Irã na visita que fará ao país.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;Treating AIDS is NOT a Crime
Drs. Kamiar and Arash Alaei are well-known Iranian HIV/AIDS physicians who have made breakthroughs in harm reduction and stood up for the health and human rights of the people of Iran. Instead of being rewarded for their groundbreaking work, they’ve been thrown into prison in Iran—and they need your help.
The Alaeis were tried on charges of with communicating with an enemy government in late 2008, and in January 2009 were sentenced to 3 years (Kamiar) and 6 years (Arash) in Tehran’s notorious Evin prison. Their crime: practicing good medicine and sharing public health knowledge with colleagues across the globe—including in the US.
Their arrest robs the world of two great physicians and has a chilling effect on public health dialogue and diplomacy worldwide.
Help free the Alaeis: &lt;a onclick="" href="http://iranfreethedocs.org/?page_id=529"&gt;Take action on May 12&lt;/a&gt;, the Global Day of Action fo&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/32597052-5388109867414268553?l=paulolotufo.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://paulolotufo.blogspot.com/feeds/5388109867414268553/comments/default' title='Postar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=32597052&amp;postID=5388109867414268553' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/32597052/posts/default/5388109867414268553'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/32597052/posts/default/5388109867414268553'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://paulolotufo.blogspot.com/2009/04/o-governo-do-ira-e-mais-do-que-esta-na.html' title='O governo do Irã é mais do que está na imprensa'/><author><name>Paulo A. Lotufo</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/00246144050660663066</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-32597052.post-6297757325991494032</id><published>2009-04-21T20:07:00.002-03:00</published><updated>2009-04-21T20:15:15.503-03:00</updated><title type='text'>The Economist: Health Care and Technology</title><content type='html'>&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;The Economist&lt;/strong&gt; nessa edição (18 a 24 de abril) traz um encarte com 14 páginas sobre o tema Assistência Médica e Tecnologia. Não traz muita novidade. Mas, o enfoque dessa revista, maior ou menor, acaba pautando o restante da imprensa e, mesmo os setores acadêmicos e industriais da saúde em todo o mundo.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;Aproveitando o ensejo, a capa de &lt;strong&gt;The Economist&lt;/strong&gt; mostra o virtual presidente eleito da África do Sul: Jacob Zuma. Quem será o seu ministro da saúde? Há possibilidade da "doutora beterraba "voltar? Ativistas da aids estão temerosos.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/32597052-6297757325991494032?l=paulolotufo.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://paulolotufo.blogspot.com/feeds/6297757325991494032/comments/default' title='Postar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=32597052&amp;postID=6297757325991494032' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/32597052/posts/default/6297757325991494032'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/32597052/posts/default/6297757325991494032'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://paulolotufo.blogspot.com/2009/04/economist-health-care-and-technology.html' title='The Economist: Health Care and Technology'/><author><name>Paulo A. Lotufo</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/00246144050660663066</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-32597052.post-5831159251208800904</id><published>2009-04-20T11:45:00.002-03:00</published><updated>2009-04-20T11:53:32.575-03:00</updated><title type='text'>Um excelente texto, mas com uma citação errada.</title><content type='html'>&lt;div align="justify"&gt;Naomar de Almeida Filho expressou ontem na &lt;strong&gt;Folha de S.Paulo&lt;/strong&gt; a angústia e o sufocamento existente entre aqueles que desejam que o Estado brasileiro e, principalmente a Universidade cumpra a sua missão. Um crítica de conteúdo ao "controlismo" atual que impede qualquer inovação.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;Distribui o texto a vários amigos, um deles respondeu que concordava com o texto, já tinha lido pela manhã no jornal. No entanto, ele  informou que a citação a um "intelectual paulista" como crítico áspero da autonomia universitária  tal como feita por Naomar foi equivocada. Fui conferir agora, o meu amigo estava certo.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;O intelectual em questão é Roberto Romano.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;Bem, o Brasil tem poucas inteligências, duas delas atendem pelos nomes de Naomar de Almeida Filho e Roberto Romano.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;Por favor, não se deixem levar por mal entendidos.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/32597052-5831159251208800904?l=paulolotufo.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://paulolotufo.blogspot.com/feeds/5831159251208800904/comments/default' title='Postar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=32597052&amp;postID=5831159251208800904' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/32597052/posts/default/5831159251208800904'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/32597052/posts/default/5831159251208800904'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://paulolotufo.blogspot.com/2009/04/um-excelente-texto-mas-com-uma-citacao.html' title='Um excelente texto, mas com uma citação errada.'/><author><name>Paulo A. Lotufo</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/00246144050660663066</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-32597052.post-404307545153498393</id><published>2009-04-08T06:48:00.003-03:00</published><updated>2009-04-08T06:53:43.067-03:00</updated><title type='text'>Sol faz bem à saúde!</title><content type='html'>&lt;div align="justify"&gt;Novamente, a crimininalização do Astro-Rei. O VIGITEL não precisava entrar nessa fria...oops! Já mostrei que &lt;a href="http://paulolotufo.blogspot.com/2008/07/at-os-americanos-abandonam-fobia-por.html"&gt;americanos já abandonam a fobia ao sol&lt;/a&gt;. Mas, ainda morremos de doença cardiovascular, cânceres de próstata e de cólon, de fraturas mas pálidos. Abaixo, reportagem da Folha de S.Paulo.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;Os brasileiros passaram a se proteger menos do sol, mostra pesquisa do Ministério da Saúde, divulgada ontem. O índice de proteção contra radiação ultravioleta no país caiu de 53,3% para 43,9% de 2007 para 2008.Para medir a taxa de proteção, os pesquisadores levaram em conta a resposta dos entrevistados à seguinte pergunta: "Quando fica exposto ao sol, por mais de 30 minutos, seja andando na rua, seja no trabalho, seja no lazer, costuma usar alguma proteção?"O estudo considerou como proteção eficaz contra raios ultravioleta "o uso de filtro solar e/ou chapéu/sombrinhas e roupas adequadas".Um dos principais erros dos brasileiros está em achar que proteção solar se resume ao uso do filtro em forma de creme, diz Marcus Maia, professor da Faculdade de Ciências Médicas da Santa Casa de Misericórdia de São Paulo e coordenador da última campanha contra câncer de pele da Sociedade Brasileira de Dermatologia."Camiseta de trama mais grossa e cor escura, chapéu e sombrinha é muito interessante e é uma solução para a população", diz o médico.CapitaisEntre as capitais, a que apresentou melhor resultado em relação à taxa de proteção foi Florianópolis.A cidade de São Paulo apareceu em penúltimo lugar no ranking, só perdendo para o Rio de Janeiro. De acordo com a dermatologista Flávia Addor, há uma cultura de tomar sol e de bronzeamento em cidades como Rio que é preocupante. "Os critérios têm que ser vistos com atenção. É preciso tomar menos sol e ter atitude de proteção. O ideal é passar o protetor sempre que sair de casa, ainda mais em cidades ensolaradas."O filtro solar deve ser aplicado em partes expostas ao sol, na proporção de 2 ml para cada centímetro cúbico, o que equivale a cerca de 40 ml de produto em todo o corpo para uma pessoa de 70 kg.O câncer de pele é o tipo de tumor mais incidente no Brasil e está diretamente relacionado à exposição ao sol. Para 2009, o Instituto Nacional de Câncer estima 62.090 novos casos em mulheres e 58.840 em homens.A pesquisa do Ministério da Saúde também revelou que as mulheres se protegem mais do que os homens -52,5% das entrevistadas disseram usar protetor solar e/ou chapéu/sombrinha contra 33,8% deles.Ontem, ao apresentar os resultados da pesquisa, o ministro José Gomes Temporão (Saúde) aconselhou os homens "a ouvirem as mulheres". "Eu diria aos homens o seguinte: escutem as mulheres, copiem as mulheres", afirmou. "Os homens fumam mais, bebem mais, comem alimentação com mais gordura, fazem menos atividade física", completou.A Folha publicou reportagem na última segunda-feira mostrando outros dados do mesmo estudo relativos aos hábitos e à saúde do brasileiro.A pesquisa Vigitel 2008 (Vigilância de Fatores de Risco e Proteção para Doenças Crônicas por Inquérito Telefônico) foi realizada por amostragem com cerca de 54 mil pessoas, nas capitais e no Distrito Federal, entre junho e dezembro do ano passado. As entrevistas foram feitas por telefone, sistema parecido com o adotado nos Estados Unidos.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/32597052-404307545153498393?l=paulolotufo.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://paulolotufo.blogspot.com/feeds/404307545153498393/comments/default' title='Postar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=32597052&amp;postID=404307545153498393' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/32597052/posts/default/404307545153498393'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/32597052/posts/default/404307545153498393'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://paulolotufo.blogspot.com/2009/04/sol-faz-bem-saude.html' title='Sol faz bem à saúde!'/><author><name>Paulo A. Lotufo</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/00246144050660663066</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-32597052.post-5094582986823799101</id><published>2009-04-07T22:42:00.001-03:00</published><updated>2009-04-07T22:44:00.556-03:00</updated><title type='text'>Inédito: Sindicato de trabalhadores defende a saúde de seus associados e, não o interesse dos patrões.</title><content type='html'>&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Sindicato contraria setor de bares e restaurantes e apoia lei antifumo de Serra&lt;/strong&gt;
colaboração para a Folha Online
Os membros da Sinthoresp (sindicato de trabalhadores no setor de bares e restaurantes de São Paulo) comemoraram nesta terça-feira a &lt;a href="http://www1.folha.uol.com.br/folha/cotidiano/ult95u547518.shtml"&gt;aprovação&lt;/a&gt; na Assembleia Legislativa de São Paulo da lei antifumo proposta pelo governador José Serra (PSDB). Em reunião na tarde de hoje com diretores, a entidade contrariou a maioria dos representantes do setor e decidiu apoiar a lei.
A entidade justifica o apoio com a preocupação sobre a saúde tanto de quem fuma quanto dos fumantes passivos. Por meio de sua assessoria, o presidente do sindicato, Francisco Calasans, afirma que "é preciso respeitar trabalhos científicos da medicina que comprovam o mal que o fumo faz". &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/32597052-5094582986823799101?l=paulolotufo.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://paulolotufo.blogspot.com/feeds/5094582986823799101/comments/default' title='Postar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=32597052&amp;postID=5094582986823799101' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/32597052/posts/default/5094582986823799101'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/32597052/posts/default/5094582986823799101'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://paulolotufo.blogspot.com/2009/04/inedito-sindicato-de-trabalhadores.html' title='Inédito: Sindicato de trabalhadores defende a saúde de seus associados e, não o interesse dos patrões.'/><author><name>Paulo A. Lotufo</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/00246144050660663066</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-32597052.post-6328745982947854701</id><published>2009-03-29T20:13:00.002-03:00</published><updated>2009-03-29T20:22:52.799-03:00</updated><title type='text'>War and Medicine</title><content type='html'>&lt;div align="justify"&gt;Um livro fascinante da Wellcome Collection publicado pela BlackDog Publishing: War and Medicine. A edição é primorosa. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;Traz artigos sobre várias guerras começando na Criméia indo até a Guerra até o Iraque.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;Uma síntese da redução da letalidade (proporção de mortes por feridos) das tropas americanas. Variou de 79% na guerra hispano-americana  1898-99 para 11% na guerra do Iraque.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/32597052-6328745982947854701?l=paulolotufo.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://paulolotufo.blogspot.com/feeds/6328745982947854701/comments/default' title='Postar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=32597052&amp;postID=6328745982947854701' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/32597052/posts/default/6328745982947854701'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/32597052/posts/default/6328745982947854701'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://paulolotufo.blogspot.com/2009/03/war-and-medicine.html' title='War and Medicine'/><author><name>Paulo A. Lotufo</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/00246144050660663066</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-32597052.post-5191081644829531128</id><published>2009-03-29T20:05:00.002-03:00</published><updated>2009-03-29T20:12:26.044-03:00</updated><title type='text'>Estadão: leituras de fim de semana.</title><content type='html'>&lt;div align="justify"&gt;O&lt;strong&gt; Estadão&lt;/strong&gt; trouxe nesse fim de semana:&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;1. uma excelente reportagem seguida por entrevista do diretor-presidente da ANVISA sobre o programa de desconto de medicamentos patrocinado pela indústria farmacêutica. Merece destaque;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;2. entrevista com o pesquisador Antonio Carlos Camargo, do Instituto Butantan mostrando a dificuldade em transformar a descoberta científica em produto.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/32597052-5191081644829531128?l=paulolotufo.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://paulolotufo.blogspot.com/feeds/5191081644829531128/comments/default' title='Postar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=32597052&amp;postID=5191081644829531128' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/32597052/posts/default/5191081644829531128'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/32597052/posts/default/5191081644829531128'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://paulolotufo.blogspot.com/2009/03/estadao-leituras-de-fim-de-semana.html' title='Estadão: leituras de fim de semana.'/><author><name>Paulo A. Lotufo</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/00246144050660663066</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-32597052.post-5123108489893495289</id><published>2009-03-29T19:56:00.003-03:00</published><updated>2009-03-29T20:04:54.982-03:00</updated><title type='text'>Não publico mais comentários anônimos. É constitucional.</title><content type='html'>&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;Esse blogue é propriedade particular, quem não gostar, não leia, nem divulgue.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;Restrijo comentários indevidos e, há um tempo não publico nada anônimo.  Liberdade de expressão tal como manifestada na Carta Magna implica identificação.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;TÍTULO II&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;Dos Direitos e Garantias Fundamentais&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;CAPÍTULO IDOS DIREITOS E DEVERES INDIVIDUAIS E COLETIVOS
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a name="art5"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a name="5"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;Art. 5º Todos são iguais perante a lei, sem distinção de qualquer natureza, garantindo-se aos brasileiros e aos estrangeiros residentes no País a inviolabilidade do direito à vida, à liberdade, à igualdade, à segurança e à propriedade, nos termos seguintes:
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a name="5I"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a name="5IV"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;IV - é livre a manifestação do pensamento, sendo vedado o anonimato;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/32597052-5123108489893495289?l=paulolotufo.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://paulolotufo.blogspot.com/feeds/5123108489893495289/comments/default' title='Postar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=32597052&amp;postID=5123108489893495289' title='2 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/32597052/posts/default/5123108489893495289'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/32597052/posts/default/5123108489893495289'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://paulolotufo.blogspot.com/2009/03/nao-publico-mais-comentarios-anonimos-e.html' title='Não publico mais comentários anônimos. É constitucional.'/><author><name>Paulo A. Lotufo</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/00246144050660663066</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>2</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-32597052.post-6222442071211424556</id><published>2009-03-27T06:43:00.003-03:00</published><updated>2009-03-27T06:50:51.551-03:00</updated><title type='text'>De novo, a confusão entre internação e incidência de doença</title><content type='html'>&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Folha de S.Paulo&lt;/strong&gt; repercute hoje, mais uma matéria equivocada sobre doença cardiovascular em mulheres. Os dados publicados pelo Hospital Laranjeiras do Rio de Janeiro confunde internações com pessoas internadas. Simplesmente, uma mesma pessoa pode ser internada mais de uma vez pelo mesmo motivo. No caso, pode ser o infarto do miocárdio, depois uma complicação, cirurgia.&lt;/div&gt;Além do viés óbvio que alguns diagnósticos são anotados em preferência a outros pelo fato que a remuneração é maior. Em suma, esquecer.
&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;em&gt;JULLIANE SILVEIRADA REPORTAGEM LOCAL O número de internações de mulheres por infarto agudo do miocárdio subiu 46% (de 15.672 para 22.910) entre 1997 e 2007, segundo levantamento realizado pelo INC (Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia) nos hospitais conveniados ao Sistema Único de Saúde em todo o país. Os dados foram retirados do Datasus (banco de dados do Ministério da Saúde).De acordo com o trabalho, o tempo de internação é de sete dias, em média, e a taxa de mortalidade em decorrência do ataque cardíaco chega a 16,8%.Segundo dados do Ministério da Saúde, o infarto é a segunda causa de morte entre as brasileiras -a primeira é o AVC (acidente vascular cerebral). &lt;a href="http://www1.folha.uol.com.br/fsp/saude/sd2703200901.htm"&gt;(Assinante da Folha, clique aqui)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/32597052-6222442071211424556?l=paulolotufo.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://paulolotufo.blogspot.com/feeds/6222442071211424556/comments/default' title='Postar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=32597052&amp;postID=6222442071211424556' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/32597052/posts/default/6222442071211424556'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/32597052/posts/default/6222442071211424556'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://paulolotufo.blogspot.com/2009/03/de-novo-confusao-entre-internacao-e.html' title='De novo, a confusão entre internação e incidência de doença'/><author><name>Paulo A. Lotufo</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/00246144050660663066</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-32597052.post-1794072697104080506</id><published>2009-03-24T07:01:00.002-03:00</published><updated>2009-03-24T07:08:51.410-03:00</updated><title type='text'>Churrasco: nada a declarar</title><content type='html'>&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;Ontem, nos &lt;strong&gt;Archives of Internal Medicine&lt;/strong&gt; e, não no JAMA foi publicado artigo original mostrando associação entre ingestão de carne vermelha e mortalidade.  A associação de um determinado alimento com risco de doença cardiovascular ou câncer necessita ser vista com muito, mas muito cuidado.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;Afoitos já tentam desvendar as causas possíveis com ilações sem sentido, para quem não conhece a metodologia complexa de um questionário de frequência alimentar. O Estudo Longitudinal de Saúde do Adulto (ELSA) está aplicando essa metodologia em 15 mil pessoas e, poderemos saber o impacto na população brasileira. Não basta considerar somente o consumo de carne, mas o tipo de carne consumida e, como é preparada. Por isso, mais cautela na leitura rápida de artigos de epidemiologia.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;Abaixo, matéria da Folha de S.Paulo sobre o tema.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Reduzir carne vermelha diminui mortalidade&lt;/strong&gt;
Pesquisa publicada no "Jama" acompanhou 500 mil pessoas durante dez anosPara pesquisadores, 11% das mortes em homens e 16% em mulheres poderiam ter sido adiadas com a redução de carne vermelha JULLIANE SILVEIRACLÁUDIA COLLUCCIDA REPORTAGEM LOCAL
Um estudo divulgado hoje no "Jama" (revista da Associação Médica Americana) aponta relação entre o consumo de carne vermelha e carnes processadas e maior número de mortes por câncer e problemas cardiovasculares. A pesquisa, uma das maiores já realizadas, analisou dados de 500 mil norte-americanos de 50 a 71 anos de idade.Em dez anos de acompanhamento, morreram 47.976 homens e 23.276 mulheres. Para os pesquisadores, 11% das mortes em homens e 16% das mortes em mulheres poderiam ser adiadas se houvesse redução do consumo de carne vermelha para 9 g do produto a cada 1.000 calorias ingeridas -o grupo que mais ingeriu carne vermelha (68 g a cada 1.000 calorias) foi o que apresentou maior incidência de morte.No caso das doenças cardiovasculares, a diminuição dos riscos chegaria a 21% nas mulheres se houvesse redução. "A carne processada tem mais sal e gordura saturada, o que aumenta chances de doenças cardiovasculares", diz Daniel Magnoni, nutrólogo e cardiologista do Hospital do Coração.Para o cardiologista Marcos Knobel, coordenador da unidade coronária do hospital Albert Einstein, além da gordura da carne, o problema é o preparo e os outros alimentos que são somados à refeição. "Se a pessoa come um bife à milanesa ou um bife com ovo frito, já estourou de longe a cota de colesterol."Além disso, ele alerta para os condimentos. "O sal aumenta o risco de hipertensão arterial sistêmica. Se a carne for processada, é pior porque, além do sódio, geralmente tem óleos para a conservação&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/32597052-1794072697104080506?l=paulolotufo.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://paulolotufo.blogspot.com/feeds/1794072697104080506/comments/default' title='Postar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=32597052&amp;postID=1794072697104080506' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/32597052/posts/default/1794072697104080506'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/32597052/posts/default/1794072697104080506'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://paulolotufo.blogspot.com/2009/03/churrasco-nada-declarar.html' title='Churrasco: nada a declarar'/><author><name>Paulo A. Lotufo</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/00246144050660663066</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-32597052.post-8508990957995916323</id><published>2009-03-23T06:58:00.002-03:00</published><updated>2009-03-23T07:06:38.049-03:00</updated><title type='text'>Um comentário sobre o artigo de Ferreira Gullar</title><content type='html'>&lt;div align="justify"&gt;1. Ferreira Gullar não acusa o SUS de nada, somente constata má fama. Correto.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;2. Descreve paciente com dor há 3 horas sem atendimento. O problema não é do plano, mas do hospital.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;3. Toca no ponto mais importante: os idosos. O custo da assistência médica aumenta exponencialmente depois dos 65-70 anos. Esse é um problema que vale para o SUS e os planos de saúde privados e, encontra-se na pauta de todos os países com sistemas organizados e, desorgnizados como os Estados Unidos.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;4. Que parte dos planos de saúde são verdadeiras "pirâmides", poucos duvidam. Mas, há possibilidade dos planos serem de fato suplementares ao SUS. Para isso a legislação deveria permitir planos baratos com atendimento ao nível primário e secundário, sem obrigar aos atendimentos dispendiosos em nível terciário como câncer, transplantes e cirurgia cardíaca. Com isso, muitos pacientes sairiam das portas dos pronto-socorros públicos e, o SUS poderia organizar melhor a atenção especializada concentrando-a em poucos e bons hospitais com qualidade melhor e custo menor.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/32597052-8508990957995916323?l=paulolotufo.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://paulolotufo.blogspot.com/feeds/8508990957995916323/comments/default' title='Postar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=32597052&amp;postID=8508990957995916323' title='1 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/32597052/posts/default/8508990957995916323'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/32597052/posts/default/8508990957995916323'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://paulolotufo.blogspot.com/2009/03/um-comentario-sobre-o-artigo-de.html' title='Um comentário sobre o artigo de Ferreira Gullar'/><author><name>Paulo A. Lotufo</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/00246144050660663066</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>1</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-32597052.post-3971697488588453617</id><published>2009-03-22T10:01:00.001-03:00</published><updated>2009-03-22T10:08:03.440-03:00</updated><title type='text'>Ferreira Gullar e os Planos de Saúde</title><content type='html'>Na &lt;strong&gt;Folha de S.Paulo&lt;/strong&gt;, um desabafo de Ferreira Gullar sobre os planos de saúde. A íntegra pode ser lida &lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href="http://www1.folha.uol.com.br/fsp/ilustrad/fq2203200927.htm"&gt;aqui&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; por assinante do jornal. Transcrevo parte abaixo, a qual intenciono discutir nos próximos posts.
&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;Os planos de saúde estão se tornando um problema grave para quem deles depende. A má fama do SUS -que obriga os pacientes a filas intermináveis e esperas frustrantes- faz com que as pessoas todas, com algum recurso, procurem os planos de saúde. Como os planos melhores são caros, surgem planos baratos que são verdadeiras arapucas: você paga a mensalidade, mas, quando procura o médico, descobre que ele já não atende porque o plano não o pagou.Só que os problemas não ficam nisso, pois mesmo os planos mais caros têm se mostrado incapazes de atender seus clientes. É que esses planos aceitam mais clientes do que têm capacidade de atender. Entre os numerosos casos de que tenho conhecimento, o mais recente é o de uma amiga que sofreu fratura no pé, foi para uma casa de saúde e lá ficou durante três horas num corredor, gemendo de dor, sem que fosse atendida. A explicação da funcionária do hospital foi que o traumatologista estava atendendo a outro paciente. Já imaginou se mais alguém torce o pé naquele dia?A situação pior é a dos idosos. Como adoecem com frequência, têm que pagar mensalidades altíssimas. Sei do caso de um senhor que, em pouco mais de um ano, teve sua mensalidade aumentada de R$ 1.200 para R$ 1.800. Queixou-se ao corretor, que lhe disse: "Eles estão aumentando exageradamente a mensalidade dos idosos para expulsá-los do plano". Tem lógica: clientes que adoecem com frequência dão pouco lucro ou, pior, dão prejuízo, e os planos de saúde estão aí para obter lucros. O objetivo principal é ganhar dinheiro, claro. O cliente ideal é o que não adoece. O nome do troço é "plano de saúde", não "plano de doença". O capital governa o capitalista e o resto&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;a href="http://www1.folha.uol.com.br/fsp/ilustrad/fq2203200927.htm"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/32597052-3971697488588453617?l=paulolotufo.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://paulolotufo.blogspot.com/feeds/3971697488588453617/comments/default' title='Postar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=32597052&amp;postID=3971697488588453617' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/32597052/posts/default/3971697488588453617'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/32597052/posts/default/3971697488588453617'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://paulolotufo.blogspot.com/2009/03/ferreira-gullar-e-os-planos-de-saude.html' title='Ferreira Gullar e os Planos de Saúde'/><author><name>Paulo A. Lotufo</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/00246144050660663066</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-32597052.post-9017661639792427137</id><published>2009-03-21T15:05:00.002-03:00</published><updated>2009-03-21T15:09:55.799-03:00</updated><title type='text'>Índice de massa corpórea e mortalidade</title><content type='html'>&lt;div align="justify"&gt;O índice de massa corpórea (IMC) que é calculado dividindo o peso em kilogramas pelo quadrado da altura em metros continua  a ser o melhor preditor de mortalidade dentre os indicadores de adiposidade. Abaixo, resumo de artigo publicado no &lt;a href="http://www.thelancet.com/"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;The Lancet&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;/a&gt;com 56 estudos em conjunto e 900 mil participantes.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Body-mass index and cause-specific mortality in 900 000 adults: collaborative analyses of 57 prospective studies
&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;a class="ja50-ce-author" onclick="javascript:getListOfAuthorArticles('The Lancet',' Prospective Studies Collaboration');return false;" href="http://www.thelancet.com/search/results?fieldName=Authors&amp;amp;searchTerm="&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;Prospective Studies Collaboration&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a class="ja50-ce-cross-ref" title="" href="http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(09)60318-4/fulltext#fn1" name="back-fn1"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;‡&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a class="ja50-ce-cross-ref" title="" href="http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(09)60318-4/fulltext#cor1" name="back-cor1"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a class="ja50-ce-e-address" href="mailto:psc@ctsu.ox.ac.uk"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;Background
The main associations of body-mass index (BMI) with overall and cause-specific mortality can best be assessed by long-term prospective follow-up of large numbers of people. The Prospective Studies Collaboration aimed to investigate these associations by sharing data from many studies.
Methods
Collaborative analyses were undertaken of baseline BMI versus mortality in 57 prospective studies with 894 576 participants, mostly in western Europe and North America (61% [n=541 452] male, mean recruitment age 46 [SD 11] years, median recruitment year 1979 [IQR 1975—85], mean BMI 25 [SD 4] kg/m2). The analyses were adjusted for age, sex, smoking status, and study. To limit reverse causality, the first 5 years of follow-up were excluded, leaving 66 552 deaths of known cause during a mean of 8 (SD 6) further years of follow-up (mean age at death 67 [SD 10] years): 30 416 vascular; 2070 diabetic, renal or hepatic; 22 592 neoplastic; 3770 respiratory; 7704 other.
Findings
In both sexes, mortality was lowest at about 22·5—25 kg/m2. Above this range, positive associations were recorded for several specific causes and inverse associations for none, the absolute excess risks for higher BMI and smoking were roughly additive, and each 5 kg/m2 higher BMI was on average associated with about 30% higher overall mortality (hazard ratio per 5 kg/m2 [HR] 1·29 [95% CI 1·27—1·32]): 40% for vascular mortality (HR 1·41 [1·37—1·45]); 60—120% for diabetic, renal, and hepatic mortality (HRs 2·16 [1·89—2·46], 1·59 [1·27—1·99], and 1·82 [1·59—2·09], respectively); 10% for neoplastic mortality (HR 1·10 [1·06—1·15]); and 20% for respiratory and for all other mortality (HRs 1·20 [1·07—1·34] and 1·20 [1·16—1·25], respectively). Below the range 22·5—25 kg/m2, BMI was associated inversely with overall mortality, mainly because of strong inverse associations with respiratory disease and lung cancer. These inverse associations were much stronger for smokers than for non-smokers, despite cigarette consumption per smoker varying little with BMI.
Interpretation
Although other anthropometric measures (eg, waist circumference, waist-to-hip ratio) could well add extra information to BMI, and BMI to them, BMI is in itself a strong predictor of overall mortality both above and below the apparent optimum of about 22·5—25 kg/m2. The progressive excess mortality above this range is due mainly to vascular disease and is probably largely causal. At 30—35 kg/m2, median survival is reduced by 2—4 years; at 40—45 kg/m2, it is reduced by 8—10 years (which is comparable with the effects of smoking). The definite excess mortality below 22·5 kg/m2 is due mainly to smoking-related diseases, and is not fully explained.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/32597052-9017661639792427137?l=paulolotufo.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://paulolotufo.blogspot.com/feeds/9017661639792427137/comments/default' title='Postar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=32597052&amp;postID=9017661639792427137' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/32597052/posts/default/9017661639792427137'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/32597052/posts/default/9017661639792427137'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://paulolotufo.blogspot.com/2009/03/indice-de-massa-corporea-e-mortalidade.html' title='Índice de massa corpórea e mortalidade'/><author><name>Paulo A. Lotufo</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/00246144050660663066</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-32597052.post-4591055919105242129</id><published>2009-03-20T16:50:00.003-03:00</published><updated>2009-03-20T16:54:06.630-03:00</updated><title type='text'>Homicídios em queda no Rio</title><content type='html'>&lt;div align="justify"&gt;Finalmente, a Secretaria de Estado do Rio de Janeiro assumiu que os homicídios estão com taxas declinantes na cidade.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;Esse blogue identificou há quase dois anos essa tendência.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;Leia em &lt;a href="http://paulolotufo.blogspot.com/2007/07/mortalidade-2005-3-taxas-de-homicdio-em.html"&gt;Taxas de Homicídios em SamPa, Rio, BH: 2001 a 2005.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/32597052-4591055919105242129?l=paulolotufo.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://paulolotufo.blogspot.com/feeds/4591055919105242129/comments/default' title='Postar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=32597052&amp;postID=4591055919105242129' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/32597052/posts/default/4591055919105242129'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/32597052/posts/default/4591055919105242129'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://paulolotufo.blogspot.com/2009/03/homicidios-em-queda-no-rio.html' title='Homicídios em queda no Rio'/><author><name>Paulo A. Lotufo</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/00246144050660663066</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-32597052.post-6892932163378762477</id><published>2009-03-20T16:34:00.003-03:00</published><updated>2009-03-20T16:47:25.876-03:00</updated><title type='text'>Prevenção do Câncer de Próstata: muitas novidades e a discussão continua.</title><content type='html'>&lt;div align="justify"&gt;Imperdível, dois artigos publicados no &lt;strong&gt;The New England Journal of Medicine&lt;/strong&gt; sobre rastreamento para câncer de próstata. Trata-se de dois ensaios clínicos, um americano e outro europeu com delineamento de ensaio clínicos. Os resultados são aparentemriente contraditórios.&lt;/div&gt;O acesso é gratuito em &lt;a href="http://www.nejm.org/"&gt;http://www.nejm.org&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/32597052-6892932163378762477?l=paulolotufo.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://paulolotufo.blogspot.com/feeds/6892932163378762477/comments/default' title='Postar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=32597052&amp;postID=6892932163378762477' title='1 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/32597052/posts/default/6892932163378762477'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/32597052/posts/default/6892932163378762477'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://paulolotufo.blogspot.com/2009/03/prevencao-do-cancer-de-prostata-muitas.html' title='Prevenção do Câncer de Próstata: muitas novidades e a discussão continua.'/><author><name>Paulo A. Lotufo</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/00246144050660663066</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>1</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-32597052.post-2712008795988914805</id><published>2009-03-20T16:25:00.001-03:00</published><updated>2009-03-20T16:34:04.323-03:00</updated><title type='text'>De volta da clínica de desintoxicação da blogosfera</title><content type='html'>Meia quaresma completa, estou saindo da clínica de desintoxicação da blogosfera. Aparentemente, recuperado.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/32597052-2712008795988914805?l=paulolotufo.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://paulolotufo.blogspot.com/feeds/2712008795988914805/comments/default' title='Postar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=32597052&amp;postID=2712008795988914805' title='1 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/32597052/posts/default/2712008795988914805'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/32597052/posts/default/2712008795988914805'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://paulolotufo.blogspot.com/2009/03/de-volta-da-clinica-de-desintoxicacao.html' title='De volta da clínica de desintoxicação da blogosfera'/><author><name>Paulo A. Lotufo</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/00246144050660663066</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>1</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-32597052.post-4923334789080565578</id><published>2009-02-25T14:00:00.002-03:00</published><updated>2009-02-25T14:12:46.592-03:00</updated><title type='text'>Desânimo com a blogosfera.</title><content type='html'>&lt;div align="justify"&gt;A blogosfera que poderia ser local de troca de informação e debate tornou-se um local de embates ideológicos dos mais ridículos. Todo fato é imediatamente atribuído ao seu grupo se, positivo ou ao do adversários, se negativo.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;Difícil conviver com um ambiente desses porque, acredito que blogue será rapidamente sinônimo de leviandade. Há uma legião de especialistas que entendem de aviação civil, obras do metro, política do Oriente Médio, situação da Itália nos anos 70, ataques neonazistas na Suíça.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;Para mim, nada pior do que os comentários sobre sepse depois de um caso exageradamente divulgado que obrigaram até o Ministro da Saúde se manifestar.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;Bem, para continuar na brincadeira, vou parar para assistir a apuração de uma crônica decadência: as das Escolas de Samba do Rio de Janeiro. Que como todos sabem, tal como a USP, o futebol brasileiro e os Estados Unidos, o Carnaval do Rio  se desviou dos seus objetivos e se encontra decadente.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;Vive la décadence!&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/32597052-4923334789080565578?l=paulolotufo.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://paulolotufo.blogspot.com/feeds/4923334789080565578/comments/default' title='Postar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=32597052&amp;postID=4923334789080565578' title='2 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/32597052/posts/default/4923334789080565578'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/32597052/posts/default/4923334789080565578'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://paulolotufo.blogspot.com/2009/02/desanimo-com-blogosfera.html' title='Desânimo com a blogosfera.'/><author><name>Paulo A. Lotufo</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/00246144050660663066</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>2</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-32597052.post-62158970287842267</id><published>2009-02-08T17:16:00.003-02:00</published><updated>2009-02-08T17:22:56.863-02:00</updated><title type='text'>Epigenética: Lamarck não merece a fama</title><content type='html'>&lt;div align="justify"&gt;Marcelo Coelho na &lt;strong&gt;Folha de S.Paulo&lt;/strong&gt; ressalta que Lamarck não merece a fama que lhe é atribuída em aulas no segundo grau. Com certeza. Anexo, uma revisão atualíssima sobre o tema epigenética: &lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/picrender.fcgi?artid=1373719&amp;amp;blobtype=pdf"&gt;Epigenetics and human disease: translating basic biology into clinical applications.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=pubmed&amp;amp;Cmd=Search&amp;amp;Term=%22Rodenhiser%20D%22%5BAuthor%5D&amp;amp;itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_DiscoveryPanel.Pubmed_RVAbstractPlus"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;Rodenhiser D&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=pubmed&amp;amp;Cmd=Search&amp;amp;Term=%22Mann%20M%22%5BAuthor%5D&amp;amp;itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_DiscoveryPanel.Pubmed_RVAbstractPlus"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;Mann M&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;.
EpiGenWestern Research Group, Children's Health Research Institute, London, Ont. drodenhi@uwo.ca
&lt;em&gt;Epigenetics refers to the study of heritable changes in gene expression that occur without a change in DNA sequence. Research has shown that epigenetic mechanisms provide an "extra" layer of transcriptional control that regulates how genes are expressed. These mechanisms are critical components in the normal development and growth of cells. Epigenetic abnormalities have been found to be causative factors in cancer, genetic disorders and pediatric syndromes as well as contributing factors in autoimmune diseases and aging. In this review, we examine the basic principles of epigenetic mechanisms and their contribution to human health as well as the clinical consequences of epigenetic errors. In addition, we address the use of epigenetic pathways in new approaches to diagnosis and targeted treatments across the clinical spectrum.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/32597052-62158970287842267?l=paulolotufo.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://paulolotufo.blogspot.com/feeds/62158970287842267/comments/default' title='Postar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=32597052&amp;postID=62158970287842267' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/32597052/posts/default/62158970287842267'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/32597052/posts/default/62158970287842267'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://paulolotufo.blogspot.com/2009/02/epigenetica-lamarck-nao-merece-fama.html' title='Epigenética: Lamarck não merece a fama'/><author><name>Paulo A. Lotufo</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/00246144050660663066</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-32597052.post-2028796884791757474</id><published>2009-01-30T21:46:00.002-02:00</published><updated>2009-01-30T22:09:34.730-02:00</updated><title type='text'>HU USP: pesquisa e inovação em cicatrização</title><content type='html'>&lt;div align="justify"&gt;O &lt;strong&gt;Jornal Nacional&lt;/strong&gt; divulgou a pesquisa do médico Fábio Kamamoto do Hospital Universitário da USP sobre cicatrização. &lt;a href="http://jornalnacional.globo.com/Telejornais/JN/0,,MUL980187-10406,00-USP+DESENVOLVE+TRATAMENTO+BARATO+DE+CICATRIZACAO.html"&gt;Clique aqui para ver a matéria apresentada por Graziela Azevedo.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;Meus cumprimentos a ele, ao seu mentor professor Marcus Castro Ferreira, ao professor da Escola Politécnica, José Carlos de Moraes e a toda equipe de enfermagem do HU.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;Mais um exemplo para os especialistas em "decadência da USP" e "falência da saúde pública". &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;
&lt;em&gt;&lt;strong&gt;USP desenvolve tratamento barato de cicatrização
&lt;/strong&gt;Pesquisadores brasileiros desenvolveram um tratamento de custo baixíssimo que pode ajudar milhões de pacientes com dificuldades de cicatrização. Vamos ver na reportagem de Graziela Azevedo. Da escova usada para lavar as mãos é aproveitada a esponja esterilizada. As mangueiras plásticas e a rede de vácuo são as mesmas sobre os leitos de qualquer hospital. Foi com materiais simples que um médico desenvolveu um curativo capaz de mudar a vida dos pacientes. O eletricista Carlos Alberto Oliveira correu o risco de perder a perna depois de um acidente de moto, o corte profundo e infeccionado não cicatrizava. O quadro mudou em sete dias com o uso do novo curativo. “Foi um alívio com certeza, porque eu podia perder minha perna. Graças a esse curativo, eu estou com ela firme e forte para outra”. O médico demonstra como o curativo funciona: feridas provocadas por acidentes, queimaduras ou diabetes são cobertas pelas esponjas e envolvidas com plástico adesivo, um tubo ligado à rede de vácuo faz uma sucção constante. Essa drenagem impede infecções e promove a multiplicação de vasos e a regeneração do tecido. A novidade ajudou o contador João Pinter Neto a se livrar do corte que não fechava depois de uma cirurgia complicada. “Depois de três dias que foi instalado esse sistema, você já percebe a diferença, porque o corte vai se fechando” O curativo a vácuo desenvolvido no hospital da Universidade de São Paulo tem o mesmo resultado do similar importado, usado em hospitais particulares. O que muda, e muito, é o preço, o que faz toda a diferença na hora de tratar quem não pode pagar. De R$ 3 mil a R$ 4 mil por semana, o preço dos curativos cai para cerca de R$ 30. O sistema, aperfeiçoado com ajuda de engenheiros da escola politécnica, foi patenteado e já pode ser usado por qualquer um que precisar. “A idéia é divulgar conhecimento, difundir um tratamento que vai ser mais eficiente, que vai ter um custo mais acessível para todas as pessoas do país inteiro”, declarou o médico Fábio Kamamoto.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/32597052-2028796884791757474?l=paulolotufo.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://paulolotufo.blogspot.com/feeds/2028796884791757474/comments/default' title='Postar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=32597052&amp;postID=2028796884791757474' title='5 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/32597052/posts/default/2028796884791757474'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/32597052/posts/default/2028796884791757474'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://paulolotufo.blogspot.com/2009/01/hu-usp-pesquisa-e-inovacao-em.html' title='HU USP: pesquisa e inovação em cicatrização'/><author><name>Paulo A. Lotufo</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/00246144050660663066</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>5</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-32597052.post-551638601359551824</id><published>2009-01-30T08:45:00.007-02:00</published><updated>2009-01-30T09:32:55.677-02:00</updated><title type='text'>Sepse: como a "Agenda Caras" poderá suplantar a "Agenda Científica"</title><content type='html'>&lt;div align="justify"&gt;Quando o jogador de futebol &lt;a href="http://www1.folha.uol.com.br/folha/esporte/ult92u82516.shtml"&gt;Serginho do São Caetano morreu em campo em 2004&lt;/a&gt;, na manhã seguinte o &lt;em&gt;lobby&lt;/em&gt; dos vendedores desfibriladores  para reverter arritmias cardíacas tomou de assalto a imprensa na tentativa de mostrar que uma vida seria salva com esse equipamento. Leis locais foram promulgadas obrigando a compra do equipamento em próprios municipais. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;Agora há uma enorme chance de chegar a Brasília, uma proposta fantástica que seria a do SUS disponibilizar vários medicamentos para sepse. Alguns, poderão ter um futuro como a &lt;a href="http://www.lilly.com.br/adm/upload/Xigris.pdf"&gt;alfadrotrecogina&lt;/a&gt;. Mas, a  revisão abaixo transcrita mostra a necessidade de novos estudos.   O custo de adotar esse medicamento seria de quase um bilhão de reais por ano a mais para o SUS em edição &lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.anvisa.gov.br/divulga/noticias/2006/270606.htm"&gt;Boletim Brasileiro de Avaliação em Tecnologia de Saúde&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;: &lt;a href="http://www.anvisa.gov.br/divulga/newsletter/brats/2006/02_11_06.pdf"&gt;alfadrotrecogina para o tratamento da sepse grave&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Nota importante: a unidade de terapia do Hospital Universitário da USP  faz parte de estudo multicêntrico testando a alfadrotrecogina patrocinado pela Ely Lilli.
&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Human recombinant activated protein C for severe sepsis.
Marti-Carvajal A; Salanti G; Cardona A
&lt;/strong&gt;Human recombinant activated protein C for severe sepsis.
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=pubmed&amp;amp;Cmd=Search&amp;amp;Term=%22Mart%C3%AD-Carvajal%20A%22%5BAuthor%5D&amp;amp;itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_DiscoveryPanel.Pubmed_RVAbstractPlus"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;Martí-Carvajal A&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=pubmed&amp;amp;Cmd=Search&amp;amp;Term=%22Salanti%20G%22%5BAuthor%5D&amp;amp;itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_DiscoveryPanel.Pubmed_RVAbstractPlus"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;Salanti G&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=pubmed&amp;amp;Cmd=Search&amp;amp;Term=%22Cardona%20AF%22%5BAuthor%5D&amp;amp;itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_DiscoveryPanel.Pubmed_RVAbstractPlus"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;Cardona AF&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;.
Universidad de Carabobo, Departamento de Salud Pública, Centro Colaborador Venezolano de la Red Cochrane Iberoamericana, Valencia, Edo. Carabobo, Venezuela, 2001. amarti@uc.edu.ve
BACKGROUND: Sepsis is a common, expensive and frequently fatal condition. There is an urgent need for developing new therapies to further reduce severe sepsis-induced mortality. One of those approaches is the use of human recombinant activated protein C (APC). OBJECTIVES: We assessed the clinical effectiveness of APC for the treatment of patients with severe sepsis or septic shock. SEARCH STRATEGY: We searched the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) (The Cochrane Library 2005, Issue 2); MEDLINE (1966 to 2005); EMBASE (1980 to 2005) and LILACS (1982 to 2005). We contacted researchers and organizations working in the field. We did not have any language restriction. SELECTION CRITERIA: We included randomized controlled trials (RCTs) assessing the effects of APC for severe sepsis in adults and children. We excluded studies on neonates. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: We independently performed study selection, quality assessment and data extraction. We estimated relative risks (RR) for dichotomous outcomes. We measured statistical heterogeneity using I-squared (I(2)). We used a random-effects model. MAIN RESULTS: We included four studies involving 4911 participants (4434 adults and 477 paediatric patients). For 28-day mortality, APC did not reduce the risk of death in adult participants with severe sepsis (pooled RR 0.92, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.72 to 1.18; P = 0.50, I(2) = 72%). The effectiveness of APC did not seem to be associated with the degree of severity of sepsis (two studies): for an APACHE II score less than 25 the RR was 1.04 (95% CI 0.89 to 1.21; P = 0.70), and in participants with an APACHE II score of 25 or more the RR was 0.90 (95% CI 0.54 to 1.49; P = 0.68). APC use was, however, associated with a higher risk of bleeding (RR 1.48 (95% CI 1.07 to 2.06; P = 0.02, I(2) = 8%). Two studies were stopped early because there was little chance of reaching the efficacy endpoint by completion of the trial. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: This updated review found no evidence suggesting that APC should be used for treating patients with severe sepsis or septic shock. Additionally, APC seems to be associated with a higher risk of bleeding. Unless additional RCTs provide evidence of a treatment effect, policy-makers, clinicians and academics should not promote the use of APC.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/32597052-551638601359551824?l=paulolotufo.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://paulolotufo.blogspot.com/feeds/551638601359551824/comments/default' title='Postar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=32597052&amp;postID=551638601359551824' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/32597052/posts/default/551638601359551824'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/32597052/posts/default/551638601359551824'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://paulolotufo.blogspot.com/2009/01/sepse-como-agenda-caras-podera.html' title='Sepse: como a &quot;Agenda Caras&quot; poderá suplantar a &quot;Agenda Científica&quot;'/><author><name>Paulo A. Lotufo</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/00246144050660663066</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-32597052.post-4566936212977463655</id><published>2009-01-30T08:32:00.003-02:00</published><updated>2009-01-30T08:45:34.318-02:00</updated><title type='text'>Um pouco de informação sobre sepse: epidemiologia</title><content type='html'>&lt;div align="justify"&gt;Para ajudar encerrar a onda de bobagem deflagrada com a &lt;a href="http://paulolotufo.blogspot.com/2009/01/e-nos-blogues-os-urubus-passeiam-tarde.html"&gt;"superbactéria"&lt;/a&gt; ,  que resultou na &lt;a href="http://paulolotufo.blogspot.com/2009/01/estamos-mal-muito-mal.html"&gt;"saúde pública em versão Caras" &lt;/a&gt;e continuou  na &lt;a href="http://paulolotufo.blogspot.com/2009/01/infeccao-midiatica.html"&gt;"infecção midiática"&lt;/a&gt; apresento o resumo da epidemiologia da sepse nos Estados Unidos. Notem o tamanho do problema e, principalmente do ponto de vista de custo-efetividade.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Epidemiology of severe sepsis in the United States: analysis of incidence, outcome, and associated costs of care.  Angus DC; Linde-Zwirble WT; Lidicker J; Clermont G; Carcillo J; Pinsky MR Crit Care Med 2001 Jul;29(7):1303-10&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.
&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt; OBJECTIVE: To determine the incidence, cost, and outcome of severe sepsis in the United States. DESIGN: Observational cohort study. SETTING: All nonfederal hospitals (n = 847) in seven U.S. states. PATIENTS: All patients (n = 192,980) meeting criteria for severe sepsis based on the International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification. INTERVENTIONS: None. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: We linked all 1995 state hospital discharge records (n = 6,621,559) from seven large states with population and hospital data from the U.S. Census, the Centers for Disease Control, the Health Care Financing Administration, and the American Hospital Association. We defined severe sepsis as documented infection and acute organ dysfunction using criteria based on the International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification. We validated these criteria against prospective clinical and physiologic criteria in a subset of five hospitals. We generated national age- and gender-adjusted estimates of incidence, cost, and outcome. We identified 192,980 cases, yielding national estimates of 751,000 cases (3.0 cases per 1,000 population and 2.26 cases per 100 hospital discharges), of whom 383,000 (51.1%) received intensive care and an additional 130,000 (17.3%) were ventilated in an intermediate care unit or cared for in a coronary care unit. Incidence increased &gt;100-fold with age (0.2/1,000 in children to 26.2/1,000 in those &gt;85 yrs old). Mortality was 28.6%, or 215,000 deaths nationally, and also increased with age, from &lt;strong&gt;10% in children to 38.4% in those &gt;85&lt;/strong&gt; yrs old. Women had lower age-specific incidence and mortality, but the difference in mortality was explained by differences in underlying disease and the site of infection. &lt;strong&gt;The average costs per case were $22,100, with annual total costs of $16.7 billion nationally. Costs were higher in infants, nonsurvivors, intensive care unit patients, surgical patients, and patients with more organ failure.&lt;/strong&gt; The &lt;strong&gt;incidence was projected to increase by 1.5% per annum.&lt;/strong&gt; CONCLUSIONS: Severe sepsis is a common, expensive, and frequently fatal condition, with as many deaths annually as those from acute myocardial infarction. It is especially common in the elderly and is likely to increase substantially as the U.S. population ages&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/32597052-4566936212977463655?l=paulolotufo.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://paulolotufo.blogspot.com/feeds/4566936212977463655/comments/default' title='Postar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=32597052&amp;postID=4566936212977463655' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/32597052/posts/default/4566936212977463655'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/32597052/posts/default/4566936212977463655'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://paulolotufo.blogspot.com/2009/01/um-pouco-de-informacao-sobre-sepse.html' title='Um pouco de informação sobre sepse: epidemiologia'/><author><name>Paulo A. Lotufo</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/00246144050660663066</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-32597052.post-5224330669591248139</id><published>2009-01-29T23:31:00.003-02:00</published><updated>2009-01-30T23:17:52.438-02:00</updated><title type='text'>Mais uma vez, a crise e decadência da Universidade de São Paulo</title><content type='html'>&lt;div align="justify"&gt;Comentei há seis meses em &lt;a href="http://paulolotufo.blogspot.com/search?q=decad%C3%AAncia"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;A decadência continua ... que viva a decadência !&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;/a&gt;que em 1975 era dado como líquido e certo que os Estados Unidos, o futebol brasileiro, o carnaval carioca e a Universidade de São Paulo já tinham tido seu esplendor.  Novamente, a USP comprova a sua decadência.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Pesquisa coloca USP como a 87ª melhor universidade do mundo&lt;/strong&gt;
Leornado Feder.
A USP foi classificada como a 87ª melhor universidade do mundo pela pesquisa "Webometrics Ranking of World Universities", que é feita por um grupo do CSIC (Conselho Superior de Investigações Científicas), ligado ao Ministério da Educação espanhol.
O instituto monta esse ranking a partir da análise das publicações eletrônicas nos sites das universidades, pois, em sua avaliação, eles refletem sua excelência e seu prestígio acadêmico. O objetivo do levantamento é estimular as universidades que não tem o costume de colocar os conhecimentos produzidos na internet a fazer isso.
A pesquisa considera mais de 16 mil instituições de ensino superior pelo mundo e divulga seus resultados duas vezes por ano, em julho e em janeiro. Clique &lt;a href="http://media.folha.uol.com.br/educacao/2009/01/29/top_500_universities_january.xls"&gt;aqui&lt;/a&gt; para conferir o ranking.
As 20 primeiras universidades da classificação do CSIC são norte-americanas --a primeira é o Massachusetts Institute of Technology (Instituto de Tecnologia de Massachusetts).
Das universidades brasileiras citadas, a Unicamp (Universidade Estadual de Campinas) obteve o 159º lugar, a UFRGS (Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul), o 285º, e a UFRJ (Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro), o 299º.
Critérios
Para calcular a pontuação da universidade, o instituto faz a média ponderada de quatro critérios baseados no conteúdo dos sites das universidades. A quantidade do material é calculada com instrumentos de busca, Google, Yahoo, Live Search e Exalead.
O critério mais valioso é a visibilidade (50%), medida pelo número de links externos exclusivos recebidos pelo site da universidade.
O segundo de maior peso é o tamanho (20%), medido pelo número de páginas do site da universidade, que indica seu grau da internacionalização.
Outro critério é o número de arquivos (15%) contidos no site da universidade que tenham, na avaliação do instituto, relevância acadêmica e estejam salvos em formato Adobe Acrobat (.pdf), Adobe PostScript (.ps), Microsoft Word (.doc) ou Microsoft Powerpoint (.ppt).
Por último, com peso de 15%, também é considerado o número de documentos, artigos e citações de cada área acadêmica. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/32597052-5224330669591248139?l=paulolotufo.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://paulolotufo.blogspot.com/feeds/5224330669591248139/comments/default' title='Postar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=32597052&amp;postID=5224330669591248139' title='1 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/32597052/posts/default/5224330669591248139'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/32597052/posts/default/5224330669591248139'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://paulolotufo.blogspot.com/2009/01/mais-uma-vez-crise-e-decadencia-da.html' title='Mais uma vez, a crise e decadência da Universidade de São Paulo'/><author><name>Paulo A. Lotufo</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/00246144050660663066</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>1</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-32597052.post-1848786623952607539</id><published>2009-01-29T23:05:00.004-02:00</published><updated>2009-01-29T23:24:25.103-02:00</updated><title type='text'>Infecção midiática</title><content type='html'>&lt;div align="justify"&gt;Hoje, os jornais falam de mais um caso, a de uma nutricionista (qual a importância da profissão???) que se encontra em sepse e teve extremidades amputadas. Com todo o respeito aos doentes e familiares, pergunto: qual a novidade? Na primeira aula que tive sobre o tema (1977) o professor já apresentou os &lt;em&gt;slides &lt;/em&gt;de casos semelhantes e, a explicação fisiopatológica. No decorrer da vida profissional observei vários casos de sepse com essa complicação. Mas, repito, porque tanto interesse?&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1.&lt;/strong&gt; falta de notícia no verão, tal como aconteceu com a "epidemia" de febre amarela em 2008;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;2.&lt;/strong&gt; vontade incontida de médicos comentarem caso clínico que desconhecem (e, pior mostrarem ignorância sobre o tema);&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;3.&lt;/strong&gt; interesse da &lt;strong&gt;Big Pharma&lt;/strong&gt;, em conseguir que o SUS financie um &lt;em&gt;blockbuster &lt;/em&gt;para sepse que até o momento não se comprovou custo-efetivo;. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;4.&lt;/strong&gt;oportunidade de decretar mais uma vez a 'falência da saúde pública", afinal o hospital que a atendeu era estadual;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;5.&lt;/strong&gt; momento de afirmar que mais uma vez houve "erro médico", que a "máfia de branco" etc etc&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;Aguardo, com ansiedade as novidades no campo médico, como por exemplo: o &lt;em&gt;câncer se espalha à distância &lt;/em&gt;ou &lt;em&gt;derrame cerebral pode levar ao coma&lt;/em&gt; ou...... &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/32597052-1848786623952607539?l=paulolotufo.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://paulolotufo.blogspot.com/feeds/1848786623952607539/comments/default' title='Postar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=32597052&amp;postID=1848786623952607539' title='2 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/32597052/posts/default/1848786623952607539'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/32597052/posts/default/1848786623952607539'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://paulolotufo.blogspot.com/2009/01/infeccao-midiatica.html' title='Infecção midiática'/><author><name>Paulo A. Lotufo</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/00246144050660663066</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>2</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-32597052.post-1881470881485983483</id><published>2009-01-28T11:53:00.003-02:00</published><updated>2009-01-28T12:07:35.603-02:00</updated><title type='text'>SUS, Olinda e Ouro Preto</title><content type='html'>&lt;div align="justify"&gt;O Fórum Social Mundial da Saúde lançou uma palavra de ordem: SUS, Patrimônio da Humanidade! E, considera que com isso melhorará a vida de todos. Cada um age da forma mais apropriada para alcançar seus objetivos. SUS, Olinda e Ouro Preto não combinam.  Nesse blogue se publica com insistência todas as ações positivas da assim chamada "saúde pública" (nome que os detratores aplicam ao SUS) e, principalmente contra os propagadores da "&lt;a href="http://paulolotufo.blogspot.com/search?q=fal%C3%AAncia+da+sa%C3%BAde+p%C3%BAblica"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;falência da saúde pública".&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;/a&gt;Tudo seria bonito  e delicioso,  se a vida real fosse um  &lt;em&gt;happening&lt;/em&gt; como esse, principalmente realizado em Belém do Pará.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;Mas, a realidade é diferente. Parte considerável dos presentes nesse evento defendem interesses específicos: de corporações ou de portadores de doenças específicas. Poucos entendem o SUS como um dos maiores exercícios de cidadania vividos nesse país. Quase nenhum dos presentes aceita formas avançadas de gestão e de controle efetivo. Confundem o SUS com a administração direta do Estado.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;Em tempo:  ao contrário do afirmado na reportagem abaixo da Agência Brasil, a mortalidade infantil apresenta taxas declinantes bem antes de 1988 (Constituição) e 1990 (Lei Orgânica).&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Ativistas defendem candidatura do SUS a patrimônio imaterial da humanidade
&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;Amanda CieglinskiEnviada Especial
Belém - Os participantes do Fórum Social Mundial da Saúde (FSMS) vão lançar a candidatura do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) a patrimônio imaterial da humanidade. A idéia foi apresentada na manhã de hoje (26), durante ato político que contou com a participação do ministro da Saúde, José Gomes Temporão.
Ele afirmou que vai garantir apoio político para a idéia, que classificou como inovadora. Segundo ele, essa é a primeira vez que uma política pública será patrimônio da humanidade. “É uma iniciativa dos movimentos populares e acho importante pela abrangência do SUS e pelo fato de que ele atende indistintamente todas as etinas, todas as nacionalidades que vivem no Brasil”, afirmou Temporão.
O FSMS discute desde ontem a implantação de sistemas universais de sáude em todo o mundo. Temporão ressaltou que o Brasil é um exemplo, já que poucos países adotam o sistema de atendimento universal. Ente eles, Inglaterra, Portugal e Canadá.
“Esse modelo ganha cada vez mais importância em um momento de crise econômica como o atual, porque ela vai causar um aumento do desemprego e as pessoas serão atendidas no sistema público. Eu, que sou militante da causa, apóio que o mundo inteiro seja atendido por sistemas universais”, defendeu o ministro.
Temporão afirmou que o SUS ainda tem suas “fragilidades”. “Um exemplo é o subfinanciamento crônico que impede que esse processo de extensão da cobertura se dê com mais qualidade. Outra questão é a gestão: há o desafio permanente de como usar com mais eficiência o recurso.”
Outra novidade apresentada na manhã de hoje durante o Fórum foi o lançamento da I Conferência Mundial dos Sistemas Universais da Saúde, que será realizada no Brasil. Embora a data ainda não tenha sido definida, a previsão é que ocorra entre 2009 e 2010.
A queda na mortalidade infantil, o programa de combate à Aids e o Saúde na Família foram citados pelo ministro como exemplo do saldo positivo do SUS durante seus 20 anos de existência&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/32597052-1881470881485983483?l=paulolotufo.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://paulolotufo.blogspot.com/feeds/1881470881485983483/comments/default' title='Postar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=32597052&amp;postID=1881470881485983483' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/32597052/posts/default/1881470881485983483'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/32597052/posts/default/1881470881485983483'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://paulolotufo.blogspot.com/2009/01/sus-olinda-e-ouro-preto.html' title='SUS, Olinda e Ouro Preto'/><author><name>Paulo A. Lotufo</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/00246144050660663066</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-32597052.post-7111677990510172315</id><published>2009-01-27T07:12:00.002-02:00</published><updated>2009-01-27T07:17:27.779-02:00</updated><title type='text'>Estamos mal, muito mal</title><content type='html'>&lt;div align="justify"&gt;Quando o Ministro da Saúde é instado a responder sobre o caso clínico de uma modelo e, responde é porque estamos mal. Sim, a sociedade brasileira está sem foco. Não sabe o que é prioridade. As verbas de pesquisa foram cortadas em mais um bilhão de reais. Há em cada hospital público no mínimo 15 pessoas com indicação de internação, mas sem vaga. O dengue vem aí, novamente. Mas, o importante é a modelo capixaba. As celebridades dão o tom do país, até mortas. Chegamos à medicina e saúde pública padrão "Caras".&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;Caso de modelo capixaba foi "extremo", afirma Temporão
DA AGÊNCIA FOLHA, EM BELÉM
O ministro da Saúde, José Gomes Temporão, classificou ontem de "extremo" o caso da modelo capixaba Mariana Bridi, 20, que morreu na madrugada de sábado em Serra (ES) em decorrência de uma infecção urinária que evoluiu para sepse grave (infecção generalizada)."É um caso extremo. Raro, raríssimo", disse. "Eu não entrei em detalhes da análise do caso. Mas, conversando com alguns colegas, especialistas, [eles] ficaram surpresos com a evolução", afirmou o ministro, depois de participar da terceira edição do Fórum Mundial da Saúde, em Belém (PA).O encontro é um dos eventos ligados ao Fórum Social Mundial, que começa hoje na capital do Pará.Para Temporão, a investigação do caso deve ser feita "no âmbito da Secretaria da Saúde" do Espírito Santo.A doença de Mariana evoluiu a partir de uma infecção urinária causada pela bactéria Pseudomonas aeruginosa.Ela ficou cerca de 20 dias internada no hospital estadual Dório Silva. Sua situação se complicou depois que as bactérias atingiram a corrente sanguínea e ela sofreu necrose nos pés e nas mãos, que foram amputados.Partes dos rins e do estômago da modelo também foram retiradas. Por fim, o quadro evoluiu para uma infecção generalizada.Mariana Bridi ficou em quarto lugar no Miss Mundo Brasil, em 2007.(JOÃO CARLOS MAGALHÃES)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/32597052-7111677990510172315?l=paulolotufo.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://paulolotufo.blogspot.com/feeds/7111677990510172315/comments/default' title='Postar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=32597052&amp;postID=7111677990510172315' title='1 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/32597052/posts/default/7111677990510172315'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/32597052/posts/default/7111677990510172315'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://paulolotufo.blogspot.com/2009/01/estamos-mal-muito-mal.html' title='Estamos mal, muito mal'/><author><name>Paulo A. Lotufo</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/00246144050660663066</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>1</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-32597052.post-3875248288927372724</id><published>2009-01-25T21:35:00.004-02:00</published><updated>2009-01-25T22:29:42.645-02:00</updated><title type='text'>Um sábado de sol no presídio do Barro Branco em 1978/79</title><content type='html'>&lt;div align="justify"&gt;Nos ano de 1978/79, acadêmico de medicina na USP, militante do movimento estudantil, atuava em várias ações do Comitê Brasileiro de Anistia. Uma atividade era visitar os presos políticos no presídio do Barro Branco, zona norte de São Paulo, aos sábados. Lá conheci um preso que foi libertado em 1979 com a Anistia e, continua militando até agora no PT. Em 1966, ele foi falsamente acusado de lançar uma bomba em um aeroporto (nem a então "justiça militar" aceitou a denúncia).&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;Conversamos um pouco sobre política (nenhuma convergência à época), movimento estudantil (&lt;em&gt;ele não aceitava um congresso da UNE em Salvador, deveria ser em São Paulo&lt;/em&gt;) e, chegamos a um único ponto comum: ambos éramos &lt;em&gt;"oriundi"&lt;/em&gt;. Disse-me ele que o Cônsul da Itália o visitou na prisão logo após sua chegada. O representante consular mostrou que por direito, ele poderia requisitar a cidadania italiana. Esse fato redundaria em um pedido por parte do "governo da Bota" na sua transferência para a Itália. Seria um caso juridicamente confuso, mas que significaria uma reprovação ao governo brasileiro. Ele declinou a proposta porque a sua luta era aqui no Brasil. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;Fica o relato, sem o nome, mas que é de fácil identificação para quem é do "meio". &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;Nosso protagonista poderá ou não confirmar o fato (entendo as conveniências políticas, principalmente as de dentro do PT), mas que aconteceu, aconteceu.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;Naquele momento, o &lt;em&gt;Brasile&lt;/em&gt; era uma ditadura, que deixou de ser, e a Itália era e continua sendo uma democracia. Apesar de vacilar no golpe da Argentina em 1976, a Itália até hoje persegue os torturadores de ítalo-argentinos da ditadura platina de 1976-83. &lt;a href="http://nelsonfrancojobim.blogspot.com/2007/06/ditadura-militar-argentina-foi-genocida.html"&gt;(fonte: blogue do Nelson Franco Jobim)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/32597052-3875248288927372724?l=paulolotufo.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://paulolotufo.blogspot.com/feeds/3875248288927372724/comments/default' title='Postar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=32597052&amp;postID=3875248288927372724' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/32597052/posts/default/3875248288927372724'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/32597052/posts/default/3875248288927372724'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://paulolotufo.blogspot.com/2009/01/um-relato-sobre-ditaduras-e-democracia.html' title='Um sábado de sol no presídio do Barro Branco em 1978/79'/><author><name>Paulo A. Lotufo</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/00246144050660663066</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-32597052.post-2259424435688433827</id><published>2009-01-25T21:20:00.003-02:00</published><updated>2009-01-25T21:35:30.739-02:00</updated><title type='text'>O corte na Ciência &amp; Tecnologia passou despercebido</title><content type='html'>&lt;div align="justify"&gt;A &lt;strong&gt;Folha de S.Paulo&lt;/strong&gt; nessa semana foi o único órgão de imprensa a noticiar o corte de mais de um bilhão de reais no orçamento de ciência e tecnologia. Hoje, na própria &lt;strong&gt;Folha&lt;/strong&gt;, um artigo dos presidentes da Sociedade Brasileira para o Progesso da Ciência (Raupp) e da Sociedade Brasileira de Física (Chaves).&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;Congresso penaliza ciência e tecnologia por Marco Antônio Raupp e Alaor Chaves. 
&lt;/span&gt;Se o Brasil quer manter as esperanças de se tornar mais inovador e competitivo, é imperativo que se reveja o orçamento para C&amp;amp;T. Ao formular  Orçamento da União para o ano de 2009, o Congresso Nacional penalizou com especial severidade a área de ciência e tecnologia (C&amp;amp;T). O orçamento do ministério da área (MCT) sofreu corte de R$ 1,12 bilhão, equivalente a 52% do proposto pelo Executivo. A Capes, órgão do Ministério da Educação que cuida da avaliação e do fomento de nossos cursos de pós-graduação -responsável pela maior parte das bolsas desse nível no país-, sofreu cortes próximos de R$ 1 bilhão, quase metade do previsto.&lt;/em&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;a href="http://www1.folha.uol.com.br/fsp/opiniao/fz2501200908.htm"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;(assinante da Folha ou do UOL, leia aqui).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;No entanto, o mais importante foi o excelente comentário do ombudsman que pegou o gancho do discurso de Barack Obama sobre a importância da ciência para uma sociedade.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;Como o ombusdman é pago para avaliar  a &lt;strong&gt;Folha&lt;/strong&gt;, sua crítica foi dirigida ao jornal, mas pode ser estendida a todos nós: acadêmicos, sociedades de cientistas, intelectuais e imprensa que se preocupam mais com fofocas do Congresso (e, da política) do que com fatos que interferem no trabalho de todos nós com impacto para toda a sociedade.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;Depois do mal feito... (Carlos Eduardo Lins da Silva)&lt;/span&gt; De setembro a dezembro, ela realizou diversas sessões. Só depois que a decisão foi tomada o assunto apareceu aqui. Quando a divulgação da ameaça de corte poderia ter alertado entidades e indivíduos para se mobilizarem a fim de impedi-lo, nada ou quase nada se publicou a respeito.É mais um exemplo de como é ineficaz e burocrática a maneira como o jornal cuida dos assuntos do Congresso Nacional. Não faltam espaço e repórteres para ouvir conversa fiada e reproduzir declarações cínicas que só interessam aos que as fazem.O diz-que-diz inconsequente, as pequenas fofocas, os balões de ensaio de deputados e senadores em busca de cargos e poder, para estes há sempre lugar nestas páginas.Mas colocar alguém para acompanhar sistematicamente o trabalho das comissões, na de Orçamento, por exemplo, e verificar se absurdos como esse corte estão sendo perpetrados contra o interesse público, isso o jornal não faz.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;a href="http://www1.folha.uol.com.br/fsp/ombudsma/om2501200901.htm"&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;(assinante da Folha ou UOL, leia aqui)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/32597052-2259424435688433827?l=paulolotufo.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://paulolotufo.blogspot.com/feeds/2259424435688433827/comments/default' title='Postar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=32597052&amp;postID=2259424435688433827' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/32597052/posts/default/2259424435688433827'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/32597052/posts/default/2259424435688433827'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://paulolotufo.blogspot.com/2009/01/o-corte-na-cincia-tecnologia-passou.html' title='O corte na Ciência &amp; Tecnologia passou despercebido'/><author><name>Paulo A. Lotufo</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/00246144050660663066</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-32597052.post-1972092434592380232</id><published>2009-01-25T03:38:00.005-02:00</published><updated>2009-01-25T03:59:28.002-02:00</updated><title type='text'>E nos blogues os urubus passeiam a tarde inteira. Entre os girassóis.</title><content type='html'>&lt;div align="justify"&gt;Já comentei o quanto odeio os urubus da imprensa, aqueles que não podem ver um cadáver para voar em cima. Falei também daqueles que entendem de tudo e, falam de &lt;em&gt;transponder&lt;/em&gt;, grua, &lt;em&gt;grooving&lt;/em&gt; com facilidade imensa. Para quem não lembra são referências ao acidente do avião da Gol, do buraco do metro em Pinheiros, São Paulo e do acidente do avião da TAM, respectivamente.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;Agora, um caso triste e complicado,  ocasionou a morte de uma modelo no Espírito Santo. Esse episódio ganhou manchetes e, pasmem uma lista de comentários em blogues. Em um blogue havia 53 palpites sobre o tema. Inventaram uma tal de "superbactéria", que talvez seja uma "agente sionista ou imperialista". Depois dessa superbactéria "neoliberal"  seguia  uma enormidade de desinformação.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;Por justiça, havia dois correspondentes sensatos conclamando a não se politizar um fato médico. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;Continuando com Caetano Veloso em Tropicália&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;em&gt;No pulso esquerdo bang-bang&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;em&gt;Em suas veias corre muito pouco sangue&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;em&gt;Mas seu coração balança a um samba de tamborim&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;em&gt;Emite acordes dissonantes&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/32597052-1972092434592380232?l=paulolotufo.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://paulolotufo.blogspot.com/feeds/1972092434592380232/comments/default' title='Postar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=32597052&amp;postID=1972092434592380232' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/32597052/posts/default/1972092434592380232'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/32597052/posts/default/1972092434592380232'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://paulolotufo.blogspot.com/2009/01/e-nos-blogues-os-urubus-passeiam-tarde.html' title='E nos blogues os urubus passeiam a tarde inteira. Entre os girassóis.'/><author><name>Paulo A. Lotufo</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/00246144050660663066</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-32597052.post-8066445541149382350</id><published>2009-01-23T18:42:00.002-02:00</published><updated>2009-01-23T18:53:36.970-02:00</updated><title type='text'>Feminicídio a toda!</title><content type='html'>&lt;div align="justify"&gt;Hoje, marido matou a mulher em Guarulhos. Há dez dias, o ex-namorado assassinou mulher na Lapa. Há quase dois anos tentei seguir o feminicídio no post &lt;a href="http://paulolotufo.blogspot.com/2007/03/quem-amano-mata.html"&gt;Quem Ama, Não Mata&lt;/a&gt;, mas não consegui. Com grande chance, os casos de São Paulo têm repercussão, os demais se perdem na imprensa regional. Não há mais tempo para estudos acadêmicos, caso de Segurança Pública e Ministério da Justiça.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/32597052-8066445541149382350?l=paulolotufo.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://paulolotufo.blogspot.com/feeds/8066445541149382350/comments/default' title='Postar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=32597052&amp;postID=8066445541149382350' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/32597052/posts/default/8066445541149382350'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/32597052/posts/default/8066445541149382350'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://paulolotufo.blogspot.com/2009/01/feminicdio-toda.html' title='Feminicídio a toda!'/><author><name>Paulo A. Lotufo</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/00246144050660663066</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-32597052.post-2210481004480968776</id><published>2009-01-22T19:37:00.005-02:00</published><updated>2009-01-22T19:54:57.356-02:00</updated><title type='text'>Apoio ao Guantanamo Tropical Medicine Institute</title><content type='html'>&lt;div align="justify"&gt;Todo blogueiro é um galo que considera a alvorada, mero produto de seu cantar. Não fujo a regra. Saúdo  o Presidente Obama pelo &lt;a href="http://www1.folha.uol.com.br/folha/mundo/ult94u493202.shtml"&gt;fim da prisão instalada na base militar de Guantanamo&lt;/a&gt;, tal como  "indiquei" a ele em  &lt;a href="http://paulolotufo.blogspot.com/2008/12/demitir-jack-bauer-acabar-com-tortura.html"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Demitir Jack Bauer, acabar com a tortura&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;strong&gt;.&lt;/strong&gt; Agora, aproveito para lembrar a proposta do professor Peter Hotez, da Universidade George Washington, a que foi  imediatamente apoiada por esse blogue: a de instalar o &lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href="http://paulolotufo.blogspot.com/search?q=guantanamo"&gt;Guantanamo Tropical Medicine Institute&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/32597052-2210481004480968776?l=paulolotufo.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://paulolotufo.blogspot.com/feeds/2210481004480968776/comments/default' title='Postar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=32597052&amp;postID=2210481004480968776' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/32597052/posts/default/2210481004480968776'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/32597052/posts/default/2210481004480968776'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://paulolotufo.blogspot.com/2009/01/apoio-ao-guantanamo-tropical-medicine.html' title='Apoio ao Guantanamo Tropical Medicine Institute'/><author><name>Paulo A. Lotufo</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/00246144050660663066</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-32597052.post-4622961784609034344</id><published>2009-01-15T11:12:00.002-02:00</published><updated>2009-01-15T11:17:14.886-02:00</updated><title type='text'>Plano de Saúde dos Servidores: Assino embaixo !</title><content type='html'>&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;em&gt;"Jamais me conformei com o fato de o governo, instituidor e responsável pelo SUS, pagar planos de saúde para seus funcionários. O pior é que os R$ 48 milhões da Câmara significam 1,2% do que o governo federal gasta com planos de seus funcionários e em mais sete estatais. Quando reitor da Unicamp, e no Hospital Pérola Byington (SP), nos anos 80 e 90, oferecemos o serviço SUS aos funcionários. E deu certo. Além deles, milhares de cidadãos desistiram de seus planos de saúde e foram gratuitamente bem atendidos nesses hospitais. O que acontece na Câmara é apenas uma amostra lamentável dessa política de privatização acrítica e da dicotomia da saúde brasileira: saúde pobre para os pobres e no mercado para quem puder pagar ou tenha padrinho. A maior propaganda dos planos de saúde quem faz é o governo, oferecendo um SUS precário e ainda os financiando."JOSÉ ARISTODEMO PINOTTI , deputado federal -DEM-SP (Brasília, DF)&lt;/em&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Folha de S.Paulo, 14/01/09&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;
 &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;em&gt; "Seria engraçado se os funcionários das empresas particulares de planos de saúde tivessem cobertura de outras empresas, e não de seus empregadores. Ainda mais se o custo maior recaísse sobre o patrão. Servidores públicos, não importa de que poder, jamais poderiam estar cobertos, com custeio do governo, por outra entidade que não fosse o SUS -Sistema Único de Saúde. No governo petista, então, existem motivos até ideológicos para isso. Mas nunca se viu um jornalista do PT escrever algo a respeito." PAULO SERODIO (São Paulo, SP)&lt;/em&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Folha de S.Paulo, 15/01/09.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/32597052-4622961784609034344?l=paulolotufo.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://paulolotufo.blogspot.com/feeds/4622961784609034344/comments/default' title='Postar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=32597052&amp;postID=4622961784609034344' title='1 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/32597052/posts/default/4622961784609034344'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/32597052/posts/default/4622961784609034344'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://paulolotufo.blogspot.com/2009/01/plano-de-sade-dos-servidores-assino.html' title='Plano de Saúde dos Servidores: Assino embaixo !'/><author><name>Paulo A. Lotufo</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/00246144050660663066</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>1</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-32597052.post-976184427870801289</id><published>2009-01-13T10:56:00.001-02:00</published><updated>2009-01-13T10:58:22.412-02:00</updated><title type='text'>Crianças do Zimbabwe também morrem estupidamente.</title><content type='html'>&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Zimbabwe cholera deaths near 2,000 - WHO&lt;/strong&gt;
&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;HARARE (Reuters) - Zimbabwe's cholera epidemic has killed 1,937 people and a total of 38,334 have contracted the normally preventable disease, the World Health Organisation said on Tuesday.
A cholera update dated Jan. 11 showed an increase of 25 deaths and 541 cases compared to an increase of 12 deaths and 300 cases the previous day.
The epidemic is adding to the humanitarian crisis in the country, where President Robert Mugabe and the opposition are deadlocked over a power-sharing deal and the veteran leader is resisting Western calls to step down.n
The waterborne disease, which causes severe diarrhoea and dehydration, has spread to all of Zimbabwe's 10 provinces because of the collapse of health and sanitation systems. The WHO said 89 percent of the country's 62 districts are affected.
Zimbabwe's government has warned that the epidemic could get worse as the rainy season develops.
The rainy season peaks in January or February and ends in late March. Floods, which can affect Zimbabwe's low-lying areas, may increase the spread of the disease.
Cholera has spread to Zimbabwe's neighbours with at least 13 deaths and 1,419 cases in South Africa. Botswana, Mozambique and Zambia have also reported cholera cases.
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/32597052-976184427870801289?l=paulolotufo.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://paulolotufo.blogspot.com/feeds/976184427870801289/comments/default' title='Postar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=32597052&amp;postID=976184427870801289' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/32597052/posts/default/976184427870801289'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/32597052/posts/default/976184427870801289'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://paulolotufo.blogspot.com/2009/01/crianas-do-zimbabwe-tambm-morrem.html' title='Crianças do Zimbabwe também morrem estupidamente.'/><author><name>Paulo A. Lotufo</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/00246144050660663066</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-32597052.post-7626872790023756501</id><published>2009-01-12T10:44:00.002-02:00</published><updated>2009-01-12T10:51:54.235-02:00</updated><title type='text'>Agora, José de Souza Martins</title><content type='html'>&lt;div align="justify"&gt;Pouco afeto à ação militante, o professor de sociologia da USP, &lt;a href="http://buscatextual.cnpq.br/buscatextual/visualizacv.jsp?id=K4783054A6http://"&gt;José de Souza Martins &lt;/a&gt;nos brinda com textos complexos toda semana no Estadão (cujo &lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;acesso é difícil e, ontem estava com versão eletrônica do caderno Aliás, desatualizada&lt;/span&gt;). &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;Ele comentou a baderna no Ano Novo na Praia Grande e São Vicente, protagonizada por jovens de classe média, sem qualquer motivo aparente. Classificou de &lt;em&gt;niilismo antissocial &lt;/em&gt;e, associou a outros fatos como a depredação de escola na zona leste de São Paulo.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;Evidentemente, Martins não atende ao interesse da grande platéia da blogosfera.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;Quem conseguir o texto na versão eletrônica, por favor, informe o link.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/32597052-7626872790023756501?l=paulolotufo.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://paulolotufo.blogspot.com/feeds/7626872790023756501/comments/default' title='Postar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=32597052&amp;postID=7626872790023756501' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/32597052/posts/default/7626872790023756501'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/32597052/posts/default/7626872790023756501'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://paulolotufo.blogspot.com/2009/01/agora-jos-de-souza-martins.html' title='Agora, José de Souza Martins'/><author><name>Paulo A. Lotufo</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/00246144050660663066</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-32597052.post-2286027829609264131</id><published>2009-01-12T09:58:00.003-02:00</published><updated>2009-01-12T10:43:56.953-02:00</updated><title type='text'>A lição de José de Souza Martins</title><content type='html'>&lt;div align="justify"&gt;Nunca recebi tantas correspondências sobre um tema que não é o motivo desse blogue: a milenar questão do Oriente Médio e seus povos. Não sou imune à situação -sempre ruim - das populações civis em guerras e, em  períodos de terror franco, como aquelas onde por razão política irlandeses  explodiam &lt;em&gt;pubs&lt;/em&gt; ingleses e bascos destruiam lojas espanholas. Para ficar em exemplos fora do eixo Israel-Palestina. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;O que me incomoda é que há articulistas de sobra para criticar Israel e, faltam críticos do governo da Líbia quando ela aprisionou médico - pasmem, palestino! - e, enfermeiras búlgaras por motivo falso. Somente esse blogue repercutiu as notícias.  Foram oito posts. (&lt;a href="http://paulolotufo.blogspot.com/search?q=Libia"&gt;clique aqui&lt;/a&gt;) Por que ninguém falou da Líbia? Por que a Líbia na "geopolítica dos comentaristas brasileiros" é de "esquerda", antiamericana. Por isso, do "nosso" lado. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;Na área da saúde deu-se destaque maior à situação do sistema de saúde americano (que esse blogue, não considera nem que seja "sistema") do que à barbárie perpetrada na África do Sul na política de aids. &lt;a href="http://paulolotufo.blogspot.com/2006/09/alho-batata-e-limo-para-o-hiv-receita.html"&gt;(clique aqui)&lt;/a&gt;  Por que não se fala da África do Sul? Porque fica "mal falar da política do Congresso Nacional Africano",  que derrotou o apartheid. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;Governos se movem pela &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Realpolitik"&gt;Realpolitik&lt;/a&gt;, mas acadêmicos servem para mostrar o diferente, o pouco percebido, no caso a quantidade grande de manifestações antissemitas em blogues brasileiros.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;Não falei nada de José de Souza Martins, motivo do título.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;Seguirá no próximo.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/32597052-2286027829609264131?l=paulolotufo.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://paulolotufo.blogspot.com/feeds/2286027829609264131/comments/default' title='Postar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=32597052&amp;postID=2286027829609264131' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/32597052/posts/default/2286027829609264131'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/32597052/posts/default/2286027829609264131'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://paulolotufo.blogspot.com/2009/01/lio-de-jos-de-souza-martins.html' title='A lição de José de Souza Martins'/><author><name>Paulo A. Lotufo</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/00246144050660663066</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-32597052.post-2828156672436837262</id><published>2009-01-11T20:29:00.002-02:00</published><updated>2009-01-11T20:34:19.338-02:00</updated><title type='text'>A situação das Universidades Federais</title><content type='html'>&lt;div align="justify"&gt;A &lt;strong&gt;Folha de S.Paulo&lt;/strong&gt; publicou reportagem mostrando o novo acordão do Tribunal de Contas da União cujo resultado será somente um: paralisar as pesquisas nas universidades federais. Na página de opinião, o Reitor da Universidade Federal da Bahia, Naomar de Almeida Filho apresenta de forma lúcida, a situação atual das universidades federais e demais organismos que não podem levar adiante sua missão pelas mordaças impostas por órgãos reguladores.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;".......No plano administrativo, as universidades federais encontram-se travadas por aparato normativo que compromete tanto a missão acadêmica de formar com qualidade quanto o dever de buscar eficiência e economicidade como instituição pública.Rápidos exemplos triviais. Para atividades de ensino e pesquisa, precisamos de bens de melhor qualidade e serviços mais criativos, pertinentes e competentes, quase nunca baratos.Porém, segundo a lei de licitações, somos obrigados a contratar pelo menor preço.Na UFBA (Universidade Federal da Bahia), seis meses de conta de água bastariam para substituir todo o obsoleto sistema hidráulico dos campi, reduzindo o consumo em até 40%.Não obstante, é proibido mudar rubricas de custeio porque o Orçamento da União é prefixado.Em qualquer caso, inútil economizar, porque todo o montante poupado tem de ser, ao final do exercício, recolhido ao Tesouro Nacional.Diligentemente, órgãos de controle externo nos têm auditado. O TCU (Tribunal de Contas da União), aplicando a lei, tem punido dirigentes universitários por irregularidades supostas em procedimentos que, o mais das vezes, visam a viabilizar a gestão universitária.No plano acadêmico, a universidade se engana, e aparentemente gosta, ao pretender-se autônoma. De fato, longe estamos da mítica autonomia universitária.Submetidos à crescente judicialização da sociedade, concursos docentes, processos seletivos, transferências e matrículas obedecem a leis e regras mais cartoriais que acadêmicas. Projetos pedagógicos seguem, na minúcia, diretrizes curriculares estabelecidas por órgãos externos de regulação, influenciados por interesses corporativos e mercadológicos.Linhas de pesquisa contemplam prioridades definidas por agências de fomento; programas de extensão respondem a demandas ou determinações de organismos governamentais, não-governamentais e empresariais.A autonomia universitária nos é garantida pelo artigo 207 da Constituição Federal. Então, por que não recebemos orçamento global, definido por metas e planos?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;a href="http://www1.folha.uol.com.br/fsp/opiniao/fz1101200908.htm"&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;assinante da Folha, clique aqui&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/32597052-2828156672436837262?l=paulolotufo.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://paulolotufo.blogspot.com/feeds/2828156672436837262/comments/default' title='Postar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=32597052&amp;postID=2828156672436837262' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/32597052/posts/default/2828156672436837262'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/32597052/posts/default/2828156672436837262'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://paulolotufo.blogspot.com/2009/01/situao-das-universidades-federais.html' title='A situação das Universidades Federais'/><author><name>Paulo A. Lotufo</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/00246144050660663066</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-32597052.post-6970405557917917298</id><published>2009-01-10T23:45:00.003-02:00</published><updated>2009-01-10T23:52:08.804-02:00</updated><title type='text'>O anti-semitismo acabou, agora é o antissemitismo.</title><content type='html'>&lt;div align="justify"&gt;Felizmente, o número de educados foi razoável, o suficiente, para permitir que pudessem ser publicados comentários sobre o anti-semitismo, ou melhor o antissemitismo.
Mas, qual o fato discutido? A invasão de Gaza pelo Estado de Israel? A crítica ao ato do Estado de Israel? Não, eu somente alertei que o número de comentários em  blogues de jornalistas  que se consideram  “progressistas”, com conteúdo antissemita era grande na quarta-feira, dia 07 de janeiro. Hoje, 10 de janeiro, abri um blogue famoso e, vi várias barbaridades nos comentários, das quais selecionei a abaixo que segue em &lt;strong&gt;negrito,&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;em&gt;itálico&lt;/em&gt;, &lt;span style="color:#ff0000;"&gt;vermelho&lt;/span&gt; e &lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;letra menor&lt;/span&gt; para que não essa pérola seja confundida com idéia desse blogueiro.

&lt;em&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;color:#ff6666;"&gt; Antonio Lima em 8/janeiro/2009 as 13:17
Talmud Babilônico só o Taalmud, o maior responsável por ISRAEL agir assim, prá se ter uma idéia, diz esse livro das leis júdaico, todo JUDEU É SER HUMANO, todo NÃO JUDEU (GOIN OU GENTÍO) como chamam aos demais povos são animais, nenhum JUDEU pode entrar em casa de GOIN, comer alimentos oferecidos por GOIN, casar-se com alguém GOIN, e em outro capítulo diz esse livro satânico: TODO JUDEU TEM A OBRIGAÇÃO DE MATAR, EXTERMINAR, LIQUIDAR todos os GOINS, ´e baseado nisso os JUDEUS AGIRAM ASSIM NA ALEMANHA DE 1940, E AINDA ESTÃO A AGIR COM OS DEMAIS POVOS, PENSAM ELE QUE SÃO MELHORES QUE OS OUTROS, E SEMPRE SE LEVANTAM CONTRA ALGUÉM, E AGORA SÃO OS PALESTINOS SUAS VITÍMAS, IAM SER OS ALEMÃES E POLONESES, MAS ALGUÉM SE LEVANTOU ANTES.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/em&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;Que tal?  Preciso dar mais exemplos?&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/32597052-6970405557917917298?l=paulolotufo.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://paulolotufo.blogspot.com/feeds/6970405557917917298/comments/default' title='Postar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=32597052&amp;postID=6970405557917917298' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/32597052/posts/default/6970405557917917298'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/32597052/posts/default/6970405557917917298'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://paulolotufo.blogspot.com/2009/01/o-anti-semitismo-acabou-agora-o.html' title='O anti-semitismo acabou, agora é o antissemitismo.'/><author><name>Paulo A. Lotufo</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/00246144050660663066</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-32597052.post-6765560681573814272</id><published>2009-01-07T21:50:00.002-02:00</published><updated>2009-01-07T21:58:28.738-02:00</updated><title type='text'>Um recado aos jornalistas e blogueiros que permitem e insuflam o anti-semitismo</title><content type='html'>&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;Do &lt;a href="http://www.blogger.com/www.portugaleosjudeus.blogspot.com"&gt;blogue&lt;/a&gt; do professor português Jorge Martins, autor de &lt;strong&gt;Portugal e os Judeus&lt;/strong&gt; sobre pesquisa publicada no AJHG.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;A GENÉTICA CONFIRMOU: UM TERÇO DOS PORTUGUESES TEM ASCENDÊNCIA JUDAICA
&lt;/strong&gt;O &lt;strong&gt;American Journal of Human Genetics&lt;/strong&gt; publicou ontem, dia 4 de Dezembro, véspera do 512º aniversário do Decreto de Expulsão dos Judeus de Portugal (5/12/1496), o estudo “&lt;strong&gt;The Genetic Legacy of Religious Diversity and Intolerance: Paternal Lineages of Christians, Jews, and Muslims in the Iberian Peninsula”.&lt;/strong&gt; As conclusões a que os cientistas chegaram vêm confirmar o que os especialistas em estudos judaicos portugueses têm vindo a sustentar: a população portuguesa tem uma forte componente judaica. Os valores genéticos sefarditas apresentados pelo estudo científico demonstram a incontestável etnicidade judaica na matriz identitária portuguesa. Preservámos a etnicidade judaica (30%) e muçulmana (14%), apesar de quase três séculos de acção criminosa e terrorista da Inquisição.O referido estudo dividiu o país em Norte e Sul, concluindo que 23,6% da população nortenha e 36,3% da população sulista tem ascendência judaica, ou seja, cerca de 30% dos portugueses preservaram as suas raízes sefarditas. Ao contrário de alguma imprensa escreveu (Público, 6/12/2008), não são valores inesperados. E valeria a pena conhecer os valores das Beiras e Trás-os-Montes, particularmente de Belmonte. Seguramente, pela história revelada há um século da existência de um fortíssimo fenómeno criptojudaico nessas regiões, ainda haveria valores mais significativos.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/32597052-6765560681573814272?l=paulolotufo.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://paulolotufo.blogspot.com/feeds/6765560681573814272/comments/default' title='Postar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=32597052&amp;postID=6765560681573814272' title='4 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/32597052/posts/default/6765560681573814272'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/32597052/posts/default/6765560681573814272'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://paulolotufo.blogspot.com/2009/01/um-recado-aos-jornalistas-e-blogueiros.html' title='Um recado aos jornalistas e blogueiros que permitem e insuflam o anti-semitismo'/><author><name>Paulo A. Lotufo</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/00246144050660663066</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>4</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-32597052.post-372669094866345868</id><published>2009-01-07T21:25:00.002-02:00</published><updated>2009-01-07T21:31:36.453-02:00</updated><title type='text'>Anti Semitismo toma conta da blogosfera brasileira</title><content type='html'>&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:georgia;"&gt;Retorno para um novo ano. O blogue terá temática mais restrita a assuntos internacionais.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;Mas, antes disso há necessidade em reconhecer a profusão de &lt;span style="font-family:georgia;"&gt;comentários publicados em vários blogues nacionais cujo conteúdo se resume a &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:georgia;"&gt;anti-semitismo puro, sem tirar nem por.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:georgia;"&gt;Com a palavra, Paulo de Tarso Vanucchi, secretário nacional de direitos humanos.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/32597052-372669094866345868?l=paulolotufo.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://paulolotufo.blogspot.com/feeds/372669094866345868/comments/default' title='Postar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=32597052&amp;postID=372669094866345868' title='1 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/32597052/posts/default/372669094866345868'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/32597052/posts/default/372669094866345868'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://paulolotufo.blogspot.com/2009/01/anti-semitismo-toma-conta-da-blogosfera.html' title='Anti Semitismo toma conta da blogosfera brasileira'/><author><name>Paulo A. Lotufo</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/00246144050660663066</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>1</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-32597052.post-5952102498402885385</id><published>2008-12-24T15:01:00.003-02:00</published><updated>2008-12-24T15:08:49.894-02:00</updated><title type='text'>Vamos a la playa !</title><content type='html'>&lt;div align="justify"&gt;Voltarei no ano que vem, se tiver condições físicas em ler e escrever todos os dias. No ano que se encerra foi particularmente difícil manter atualizada a temática desse blogue. Agradeço às três centenas de leitores fiéis, que sempre reclamam da ausência em vários períodos. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;Em janeiro, na Rádio USP, se iniciará o programa &lt;strong&gt;Saúde Global&lt;/strong&gt;, onde temas de interesse geral na área da saúde serão apresentados por mim e, depois serão disponibilizados no aqui.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;Enquanto isso, "vamos a la playa"...&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/32597052-5952102498402885385?l=paulolotufo.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://paulolotufo.blogspot.com/feeds/5952102498402885385/comments/default' title='Postar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=32597052&amp;postID=5952102498402885385' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/32597052/posts/default/5952102498402885385'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/32597052/posts/default/5952102498402885385'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://paulolotufo.blogspot.com/2008/12/vamos-la-playa.html' title='Vamos a la playa !'/><author><name>Paulo A. Lotufo</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/00246144050660663066</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-32597052.post-2832769016120874325</id><published>2008-12-22T17:24:00.002-02:00</published><updated>2008-12-22T17:32:24.826-02:00</updated><title type='text'>Brasilíadas: sugestões de leitura</title><content type='html'>&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1. leitura rápida:&lt;/strong&gt; Estudos Avançados da USP (edição 64, nov/dez de 2008) sobre &lt;em&gt;Epidemias &lt;/em&gt;e, de quebra comentários sobre &lt;em&gt;Machado e Rosa&lt;/em&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;2. para quem gosta de polêmica:&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;em&gt;O povo de Luzia, em busca dos primeiros americanos&lt;/em&gt;, de Walter Neves e Luiz Piló, editora Globo.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;strong&gt;3. para quem quer conhecer Pernambuco:&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;em&gt;Epidemiologia, políticas e determinantes das doenças crônicas no Brasil,&lt;/em&gt; de Eduardo Freese (coordenador), editora da UFPE.
&lt;strong&gt;4. para quem se chocou com Bye-bye Brasil de Cacá Dieguez:&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;em&gt;The Xavánte Transition&lt;/em&gt;, de Carlos Coimbra, Nancy Flowers, Francisco Salzano e Ricardo Santos.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/32597052-2832769016120874325?l=paulolotufo.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://paulolotufo.blogspot.com/feeds/2832769016120874325/comments/default' title='Postar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=32597052&amp;postID=2832769016120874325' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/32597052/posts/default/2832769016120874325'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/32597052/posts/default/2832769016120874325'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://paulolotufo.blogspot.com/2008/12/brasiladas-sugestes-de-leitura.html' title='Brasilíadas: sugestões de leitura'/><author><name>Paulo A. Lotufo</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/00246144050660663066</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-32597052.post-6862063481303161240</id><published>2008-12-22T17:07:00.002-02:00</published><updated>2008-12-22T17:20:00.862-02:00</updated><title type='text'>Lusíadas: leituras de fim de ano</title><content type='html'>&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1. leitura rápida:&lt;/strong&gt;Revista de História da Biblioteca Nacional (dezembro de 2008): "&lt;em&gt;Angola é aqui, nossa história africana".&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;2. para engenheiros e candidados a MBA:&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;em&gt;Sagres, a revolução estratégica&lt;/em&gt;, de Luiz Fernando da Silva Pinto, 11a edição, Editora SENAC.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;3. para nutricionistas e gourmets:&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;em&gt;No tempo das especiariarias,&lt;/em&gt; de Fábio Pestana Ramos, Editora Contexto.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;4. para quem se prepara para a FUVEST 2010:&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;em&gt;Por mares nunca dantes navegados&lt;/em&gt;, de Fábio Pestana Rmanos, Editora Contexto&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;5. para apreciadores de  romance histórico:&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;em&gt;Equador&lt;/em&gt;, de Miguel Souza Tavares, editora Nova Fronteira, presente do amigo secreto.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;6. da série não empresto a nínguém:&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;em&gt;Goa, história de um encontro&lt;/em&gt;, de Catarina Portas e Inês Gonçalves. editora Almedina.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/32597052-6862063481303161240?l=paulolotufo.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://paulolotufo.blogspot.com/feeds/6862063481303161240/comments/default' title='Postar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=32597052&amp;postID=6862063481303161240' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/32597052/posts/default/6862063481303161240'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/32597052/posts/default/6862063481303161240'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://paulolotufo.blogspot.com/2008/12/lusadas-leituras-de-fim-de-ano.html' title='Lusíadas: leituras de fim de ano'/><author><name>Paulo A. Lotufo</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/00246144050660663066</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-32597052.post-8014001693137656665</id><published>2008-12-22T16:57:00.004-02:00</published><updated>2008-12-22T17:24:11.075-02:00</updated><title type='text'>Além da Big Pharma</title><content type='html'>&lt;div align="justify"&gt;Sou da época do professor de biologia que fazia um círculo no quadro-negro com o nome SOL e, afirmava que sem essa essa estrela de quinta grandeza não haveria vida no planeta Terra.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;Recentemente, dermatologistas e, hoje oftalmologistas (Folha de S.Paulo) passaram a considerar os raios emitidos pelo Astro-Rei como perigososos aos seres humanos. Obviamente, a &lt;strong&gt;Sundown&lt;/strong&gt; continua agradecendo à possibilidade de aumentar a sobrevida dos humanóides e, agora a &lt;strong&gt;RayBan&lt;/strong&gt; se sente regojizada em poder proteger os incautos &lt;em&gt;Homo sapiens&lt;/em&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;Novamente, recomendo que seja traduzido &lt;strong&gt;"Skin, a natural history" de Nina G. Jablonski.&lt;/strong&gt; A revista Science comentou &lt;em&gt;"Jablonski show us that skin, be it thick or thin, is the true mirror of soul".&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/32597052-8014001693137656665?l=paulolotufo.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://paulolotufo.blogspot.com/feeds/8014001693137656665/comments/default' title='Postar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=32597052&amp;postID=8014001693137656665' title='1 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/32597052/posts/default/8014001693137656665'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/32597052/posts/default/8014001693137656665'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://paulolotufo.blogspot.com/2008/12/alm-da-big-pharma.html' title='Além da Big Pharma'/><author><name>Paulo A. Lotufo</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/00246144050660663066</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>1</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-32597052.post-7718153370741849974</id><published>2008-12-18T15:16:00.003-02:00</published><updated>2008-12-18T15:56:03.737-02:00</updated><title type='text'>Começando o centenário da descrição da Doença de Chagas</title><content type='html'>&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Prognostic impact of Chagas disease in the United States&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:78%;"&gt;American Heart Journal &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a class="abstract_link" href="http://www.ahjonline.com/issues?Vol=157"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:78%;"&gt;Volume 157&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:78%;"&gt;, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a class="abstract_link" href="http://www.ahjonline.com/issues/contents?issue_key=S0002-8703(08)X0014-6"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:78%;"&gt;Issue 1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:78%;"&gt;, Pages 22-29 (January 2009&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;
&lt;a title="Search for all articles by this author" onclick="Javascript: return authorSearchSubmitForm(this,'milei0j','Milei José');" href="http://www.ahjonline.com/article/PIIS0002870308007436/abstract?rss=yes#"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:78%;"&gt;José Milei&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:78%;"&gt;, MD, PhD&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a class="ja50-ce-cross-ref" title="" href="http://www.ahjonline.com/article/PIIS0002870308007436/abstract?rss=yes#cor1" name="back-cor1"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a class="ja50-ce-e-address" href="mailto:ininca@fmed.uba.ar"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:78%;"&gt;, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a title="Search for all articles by this author" onclick="Javascript: return authorSearchSubmitForm(this,'guerriguttenberg0ra','Guerri-Guttenberg Roberto Andrés');" href="http://www.ahjonline.com/article/PIIS0002870308007436/abstract?rss=yes#"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:78%;"&gt;Roberto Andrés Guerri-Guttenberg&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:78%;"&gt;, MD, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a title="Search for all articles by this author" onclick="Javascript: return authorSearchSubmitForm(this,'grana0dr','Grana Daniel Rodolfo');" href="http://www.ahjonline.com/article/PIIS0002870308007436/abstract?rss=yes#"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:78%;"&gt;Daniel Rodolfo Grana&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:78%;"&gt;, VMD, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a title="Search for all articles by this author" onclick="Javascript: return authorSearchSubmitForm(this,'storino0r','Storino Rubén');" href="http://www.ahjonline.com/article/PIIS0002870308007436/abstract?rss=yes#"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:78%;"&gt;Rubén Storino&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:78%;"&gt;, MD, PhD
&lt;/span&gt;A prior publication from our group reported the fact that Chagas disease is underdiagnosed. This review will summarize several aspects of Chagas disease in the United States including modes of transmission, which will demonstrate that clinicians should be more aware of the disease and its consequences.
&lt;em&gt;Trypanosoma cruzi&lt;/em&gt; is present in many animal species spread throughout most of the United States. Chagas disease also reaches the North American continent through immigration, making it more frequent than expected. Apart from immigration, non-endemic countries should be aware of transmissions through blood transfusions, organ transplantations, or mother-to-child infections.
In conclusion, it is possible that many chagasic cardiomyopathies are being misdiagnosed as “primary dilated idiopathic cardiomyopathies.” Recognizing that there is an evident threat of Chagas disease present in the United States will allow an increase of clinician's awareness and hence will permit to correctly diagnose and treat this cardiomyopathy. Health authorities should guarantee a generalized screening of T cruzi of blood donors, before organ donations, and of pregnant women who were born or have lived in endemic areas.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/32597052-7718153370741849974?l=paulolotufo.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://paulolotufo.blogspot.com/feeds/7718153370741849974/comments/default' title='Postar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=32597052&amp;postID=7718153370741849974' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/32597052/posts/default/7718153370741849974'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/32597052/posts/default/7718153370741849974'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://paulolotufo.blogspot.com/2008/12/comeando-centenrio-da-descrio-da-doenas.html' title='Começando o centenário da descrição da Doença de Chagas'/><author><name>Paulo A. Lotufo</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/00246144050660663066</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-32597052.post-5176087462922548745</id><published>2008-12-14T21:41:00.003-02:00</published><updated>2008-12-14T22:10:07.655-02:00</updated><title type='text'>Crack se espalha no país</title><content type='html'>&lt;div align="justify"&gt;O &lt;strong&gt;Estadão&lt;/strong&gt; nesse domingo repercutiu pesquisa recente do &lt;a href="http://www.cebrid.epm.br/"&gt;CEBRID&lt;/a&gt; sobre consumo de &lt;em&gt;crack &lt;/em&gt;no país. Não encontrei os dados no site do CEBRID, mas isso não importa. Os dados são impressionantes e, muito semelhantes aos observados nos Estados Unidos. Em São Paulo, onde há queda, o consumo se mudou para a área rural e pequenas cidades, embora a cracolândia - bem menor - ainda resista.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;O mais importante nesse caso foi a discussão sobre a relação &lt;em&gt;crack&lt;/em&gt; e homicídio. Aparentemente, há uma relação relativamente direta entre os dois fenômenos. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;Na extensa reportagem há dois momentos que seriam engraçados, se não fossem dramáticos.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;O primeiro do responsável pelo programa de saúde mental do Ministério que reclama da falta de leitos, que ele mesmo reduziu. O segundo, de professor universitário cujo discurso leva a concluir que as taxas de homicídio se reduziram em São Paulo por causa do PCC que teria organizado o crime.
&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;Em 20 anos, crack alcançou todo o País
&lt;/span&gt;Bruno Paes Manso&lt;/strong&gt;
Os primeiros relatos sobre o consumo de crack no Brasil surgiram em 1989, entre crianças que viviam nas ruas do centro de São Paulo, um ano antes da primeira apreensão da droga feita pela polícia na cidade. Feito do cozimento da cocaína com bicarbonato de sódio, potente, barato, famoso pela fissura que causa nos viciados, sempre em busca da próxima dose, 20 anos depois do começo da epidemia em São Paulo o crack migrou para os demais Estados e o mercado da droga se consolidou em todo o País.A droga já teve o uso identificado entre consumidores das 27 capitais brasileiras, principalmente jovens e pobres, conforme pesquisas do Centro Brasileiro de Informações sobre Drogas Psicotrópicas (Cebrid). Em São Paulo, Rio, Porto Alegre e Salvador, 39% dos pacientes que procuraram os principais centros de tratamento ambulatorial e hospitalar tinham problemas com crack, duas vezes mais do que os pacientes viciados em cocaína, segundo o Centro de Pesquisa em Álcool e Drogas da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul.No Rio, onde o Comando Vermelho proibiu que o crack fosse comercializado na década de 1990, a droga chegou com força há cinco anos."É um tsunami e a principal preocupação atual nas comunidades. Favelas como Manguinhos e Jacarezinho têm cracolândias deprimentes", diz Sílvia Ramos, do Centro de Estudos de Segurança e Cidadania da Universidade Cândido Mendes.No Estado de São Paulo, a apreensão de crack pela polícia bateu recorde neste ano, alcançando até setembro 731 quilos, 10% mais do que o total de todo o ano passado. No mesmo período, diminuiu a quantidade de maconha e cocaína apreendida. Para piorar, o problema migrou para municípios paulistas de pequeno e médio porte, alcançando trabalhadores rurais das plantações de cana-de-açúcar.Em São José do Rio Preto, cidade de 450 mil habitantes do interior do Estado, há pelo menos 1.200 viciados em crack sendo acompanhados pelo programa de redução de danos à hepatite e HIV. "Nove mulheres estão grávidas", diz a coordenadora de Saúde Mental de São José do Rio Preto, Denise Doneda. A gravidade do crescimento da comercialização do crack foi um dos principais pontos de discussão do encontro de colegiado dos coordenadores de saúde mental ligados ao Ministério da Saúde, ocorrido em novembro. De Dourados, em Mato Grosso do Sul, veio o relato de que o crack estava sendo consumido entre comunidades indígenas que vivem perto de centros urbanos. "Existe grande dificuldade para lidar com o problema porque a abordagem ao viciado é complicada e não existem leitos hospitalares à disposição para o tratamento", diz Pedro Gabriel Delgado, coordenador Nacional de Saúde Mental do Ministério da Saúde.A disseminação do uso em pequenas cidades brasileiras também foi outro ponto destacado no encontro. Em Estados nordestinos, que demoraram a sentir o drama do crack, a droga já aparece entre as preferidas dos usuários. Em Pernambuco, o crack começou a chamar a atenção entre os anos de 2001 e 2002, principalmente na região metropolitana do Estado. Atualmente, já atinge o agreste e o sertão - área tradicional da maconha.Quixadá, no Ceará, e Picos, no Piauí, são outros municípios que registram problemas com o crack. Em Salvador, viciados que se concentram em cracolândias no centro histórico são chamados de sacizeiros, em referência ao cachimbo usado no consumo. "Em 2004, 25% da droga consumida no Recife era crack. Em 2006, chegou a 50%", diz José Luiz Ratton, coordenador do Núcleo de Pesquisas em Criminalidade, Violência e Políticas Públicas de Segurança da Universidade Federal de Pernambuco.É na Região Sul, no entanto, que atualmente o problema aparece de forma mais dramática. No Paraná, três das cidades mais violentas do Brasil, Foz do Iguaçu, Guaíra e Curitiba, sofrem os efeitos da chegada do crack. Nas quatro principais maternidades de Porto Alegre, nasceram neste ano 117 crianças filhas de mães viciadas. A Secretaria de Saúde do Estado estima que existam atualmente 50 mil viciados na droga. "Duas coisas ajudaram essa disseminação pelo Brasil. Primeiramente, a natureza do produto, forte, barato e bem-aceito entre os mais pobres. Depois, a disseminação das rotas de cocaína para o Sul e o Centro-Oeste", afirma Fernando Francischini, secretário Antidrogas de Curitiba, ex- delegado da Polícia Federal responsável pela prisão do traficante Juan Carlos Ramirez Abadía.
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/32597052-5176087462922548745?l=paulolotufo.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://paulolotufo.blogspot.com/feeds/5176087462922548745/comments/default' title='Postar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=32597052&amp;postID=5176087462922548745' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/32597052/posts/default/5176087462922548745'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/32597052/posts/default/5176087462922548745'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://paulolotufo.blogspot.com/2008/12/crack-se-espanha-no.html' title='Crack se espalha no país'/><author><name>Paulo A. Lotufo</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/00246144050660663066</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-32597052.post-8520567294341574328</id><published>2008-12-12T22:17:00.004-02:00</published><updated>2008-12-12T22:50:28.305-02:00</updated><title type='text'>Um alerta: celebridades científicas e médicas irão dominar a cena</title><content type='html'>&lt;div align="justify"&gt;Para quem considera que o jornalismo chegou ao fundo do poço com o livro publicado sobre o &lt;em&gt;"caso Eloá"; &lt;/em&gt;e, para quem acha que se passou da conta no &lt;em&gt;"caso Isabela Nardoni";&lt;/em&gt; e, finalmente para aqueles que qualquer notícia sobre o caso &lt;em&gt;"ex-qualquer coisa de Suzana Vieira"&lt;/em&gt; foi o limite do suportável, aguardem o pior.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;Na área médica e científica, a situação caminha para a consagração de celebridades, sejam pessoas físicas ou jurídicas. Quem leu ministro afirmar que o centro de gravidade da ciência e tecnologia se moveu para hospitais privados sente o despautério. Quem viu presidente, ministros, governador e prefeito paparicando um centro de cardiologia de hospital privado sentiu a barra. Quem vê pesquisador mais interessado em aparecer em coluna social a publicar um artigo científico e, depois reclamar de bancas de julgamento sabe do que se trata. Quem lê blogue de cientista prometendo a cura dos males da humanidade também entende o problema sério com o qual nos deparamos.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;Em breve, teremos o Datena criticando a escolha de projetos do Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia, a Hebe Camargo indicando o seu candidato preferido para professor titular e, por aí caminharemos.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;Ao invés, de estudar para um concurso acadêmico, o candidato será entrevistado no Jô Soares e, utilizará esse fato como ponto alto de seu currículo acadêmico.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;Ao CAPES, sugiro que novos critérios sejam estabelecidos como menção em coluna social. A única dúvida: menção em Mônica Bérgamo (Folha) ou Sônia Racy (Estadão) devem ser consideradas ambas como Qualis A? Citação na Vejinha seria Qualis B, porque regional, mas em Veja, seria Qualis A, correto? &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;Ao CNPq e à FAPESP sugiro que pagamento de assessoria de imprensa (serviços de pessoa jurídica) seja permitido na solicitação de qualquer projeto, afinal não é justo que somente quem tem cônjuge rico possa ter seu esquema de promoção.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/32597052-8520567294341574328?l=paulolotufo.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://paulolotufo.blogspot.com/feeds/8520567294341574328/comments/default' title='Postar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=32597052&amp;postID=8520567294341574328' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/32597052/posts/default/8520567294341574328'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/32597052/posts/default/8520567294341574328'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://paulolotufo.blogspot.com/2008/12/um-alerta-celebridades-cientficas-e.html' title='Um alerta: celebridades científicas e médicas irão dominar a cena'/><author><name>Paulo A. Lotufo</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/00246144050660663066</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-32597052.post-7528543109528302176</id><published>2008-12-11T22:33:00.004-02:00</published><updated>2008-12-11T22:46:38.855-02:00</updated><title type='text'>Porque o câncer não superará as doenças cardiovasculares no Brasil em 2020</title><content type='html'>&lt;div align="justify"&gt;A imprensa repercutiu essa apresentação o IARC afirmando que as mortes por câncer superarão as por doenças cardiovasculares em 2020. Não há um único estudo sobre o tema, trata-se de mera especulação , a não ser que na China e India, o hábito tabágico se espalha. Mas, o tabagismo também aumenta o número de mortes por doença cardiovascular.&lt;/div&gt;No Brasil, esse quadro não acontecerá porque a prevalência:
&lt;div align="justify"&gt;1.de hipertensão é muito elevada quando comparada aos países europeus e EUA.&lt;/div&gt;2. do tabagismo nunca foi elevada como na Europa, EUA e Ásia.
3. da obesidade e do diabetes está em elevação e, terá impacto na mortalidade cardiovascular como já se observa no EUA.
O mais grave da afirmativa do IARC é desconhecer que o espectro das doenças cardiovasculares naõ se restringem à sindrome coronariana aguda e à doença cerebrovascular. Essas duas entidades clínicas são manifestações do fenômeno aterosclerótico-hipertensivo que evoluirá para acometer outros órgãos (rins, retina, córtex cerebral) e funções (renal, visual, cognitiva, auditiva).
&lt;div align="justify"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;Cancer set to overtake heart disease as top global killer December 11, 2008 &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.theheart.org/viewAuthorBio.do?primaryKey=928507" rel="external_author" jquery1229045357226="5"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;Lisa Nainggolan and Nick Mulcahy&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;
Aarhus, Denmark - Cancer is set to overtake cardiovascular disease to become the leading cause of death worldwide by 2010, according to a new report [&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.theheart.org/article/928501.do#bib_1"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;] from the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), a division of the World Health Organization (WHO). President of the American Heart Association (AHA), Dr Tim Gardner, told heartwire he applauds the new report and looks forward to working with cancer organizations to tackle risk factors that increase the likelihood of both cancer and cardiovascular disease.
According to the IARC report—which is a call to action asking governments to help fund cancer-prevention and research initiatives and international tobacco-control policies—the burden of cancer doubled globally between 1975 and 2000 and is set to double again by 2020 and nearly triple by 2030.
The report—which was discussed at an event in Atlanta this week called Conquering Cancer: A Global Effort—says that low- and middle-income countries will experience the impact of higher cancer incidence and death rates more sharply than industrialized countries.
The factors they have identified as predictive of an increase in cancer deaths are the very same factors that are going to result in more cardiovascular deaths, too.
This is also true of heart disease—just last week, as reported by heartwire, researchers predicted that 85% of cardiovascular deaths worldwide would occur in low- and middle-income countries by 2030. However, the authors of this article stressed that there still exists "a window of opportunity" to prevent the epidemic from reaching its full potential and magnitude.
Among the reasons stated by the IARC for the growing cancer burden is the adoption in less well-developed countries of "Western" habits, such as tobacco use and high-calorie, high-fat, and trans-fat diets.
"Obviously, this new cancer report is an important prediction," Gardner told heartwire. "The risk and demographic factors they have identified as predictive of an increase in cancer deaths are the very same factors that are going to result in more cardiovascular deaths, too, so we are on the same track." US deaths from cancer and heart disease currently declining
The news on cancer in developing countries is in contrast with another recent report that shows cancer incidence and death rates for men and women in the US continuing to decline [&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.theheart.org/article/928501.do#bib_2"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;].
The number-one and number-three killers in the US currently are coronary heart disease and stroke, respectively, says the AHA [&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.theheart.org/article/928501.do#bib_3"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;3&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;].
And while the nation has already made progress in reducing death rates from these two conditions, Gardner says that without a concerted effort to reduce some key risk factors, such as obesity and physical inactivity, "the momentum of reducing heart disease and stroke deaths will be lost. We will see our children developing heart disease earlier. This could reverse the progress in cardiovascular death rates that we have seen over the past decade."
We are not jealous about our position in terms of heart disease being the number-one killer.
"We are not jealous about our position in terms of heart disease being the number-one killer; it's a distinction none of us want to have," he added. "The AHA has been working for decades to move out of that 'top spot' of being the number-one killer. But unless we can do better in reducing some of these risk factors in the US, it may be a long time before we can shed the title of number one."Smoking is the easiest target
Cigarette smoking accounts for nearly 440 000 of the more than 2.4 million annual deaths in the US, and there are catastrophic predictions for the number of deaths that will occur due to smoking in developing countries. In India, for example, new research published earlier this year forecasts that by 2010 around one million deaths per year there will be attributable to smoking.
"Tobacco use is an enormous health burden across the globe and makes a significant contribution to deaths from both cancer and cardiovascular disease," Gardner adds.
"We applaud the findings of the IARC report. We're very concerned about smoking rates in the US and newly developed countries, and we are really working very hard on trying to deal with that—the one risk factor that can most easily be targeted."
Sources
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a name="bib_1"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;Leading US cancer organizations unite against the growing global cancer burden [press release]. December 9, 2008. Available at: &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.theheart.org/viewDocument.do?document=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eurekalert.org%2Fpub_releases%2F2008-12%2Facs-luc120908.php" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2008-12/acs-luc120908.php&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;.
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a name="bib_2"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;Jemal A, Siegel R, Ward E, et al. Cancer statistics, 2008. CA Cancer J Clin 2008; 58:71-96. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;amp;db=PubMed&amp;amp;list_uids=18287387&amp;amp;dopt=Abstract" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;a name="bib_3"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;American Heart Association. American Heart Association comment on the International Agency for Research on Cancer, World Cancer Report [press release]. December 11, 2008. Available at: &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.theheart.org/viewDocument.do?document=http%3A%2F%2Famericanheart.mediaroom.com%2Findex.php%3Fs%3D43%26item%3D625" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;http://americanheart.mediaroom.com/index.php?s=43&amp;amp;item=625&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/32597052-7528543109528302176?l=paulolotufo.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://paulolotufo.blogspot.com/feeds/7528543109528302176/comments/default' title='Postar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=32597052&amp;postID=7528543109528302176' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/32597052/posts/default/7528543109528302176'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/32597052/posts/default/7528543109528302176'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://paulolotufo.blogspot.com/2008/12/porque-o-cncer-no-superar-as-doenas.html' title='Porque o câncer não superará as doenças cardiovasculares no Brasil em 2020'/><author><name>Paulo A. Lotufo</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/00246144050660663066</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-32597052.post-514307293262375766</id><published>2008-12-10T23:06:00.003-02:00</published><updated>2008-12-10T23:48:03.336-02:00</updated><title type='text'>Prevenção do Câncer de Próstata: melhor do que InCa e SBU</title><content type='html'>&lt;div align="justify"&gt;Abaixo, um artigo do &lt;strong&gt;New England Journal of Medicine&lt;/strong&gt; bem melhor do que as opiniões enviesadas da &lt;strong&gt;Sociedade Brasileira de Urologia&lt;/strong&gt; e "a posição firme e decidida" do &lt;strong&gt;Instituto Nacional do Câncer. &lt;/strong&gt;Aliás, um dos momentos mais infelizes do ano, foi o protagonizado por ambos, Sociedade e Instituto.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Screening for Prostate Cancer among Men 75 Years of Age or Older. &lt;/strong&gt;Michael Barry.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;Prostate-cancer screening with the prostate-specific antigen (PSA) test remains one of the most controversial issues in modern medicine. The U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF), an independent group of experts supported by the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality under a mandate from Congress, recently revised its recommendations regarding prostate-cancer screening. The USPSTF concluded that "the current evidence is insufficient to assess the balance of benefits and harms of prostate cancer screening in men younger than age 75 years," but it now "recommends against screening for prostate cancer in men age 75 years or older."&lt;a href="http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/full/359/24/2515#R1"&gt;1&lt;/a&gt; In its 2002 statement, the task force did not recommend for or against screening in either age group. The implication of the new recommendation for medical practice is that clinicians should discuss the potential benefits and known harms of screening with men between 50 and 74 years of age, but not necessarily with older men.
Why change the recommendation for men 75 or older, at least given the continuing dearth of evidence from randomized trials that addresses the tradeoff between the benefits and harms of prostate-cancer screening in men of any age? The task force believes that at least a moderate amount of evidence now makes it possible to conclude that the known harms of screening outweigh the possible benefits for this age group.
This statement does not imply that prostate cancer is an unimportant problem among men 75 or older; in fact, as the statement acknowledges, 71% of deaths due to prostate cancer — almost 20,000 annually in the United States — occur after the age of 75. Moreover, it does not mean that no men 75 or older could possibly benefit from screening. After all, there are relatively healthy men in their late 70s and even early 80s harboring high-grade cancers that are likely to kill them; early detection and attempted curative treatment might prevent these men from dying from prostate cancer. So why not continue to offer screening after the age of 74?
First, the effectiveness of attempted curative treatment for prostate cancer among men 75 or older appears to be low or negligible. In the only published randomized trial comparing the effect of radical prostatectomy with a strategy of "watchful waiting" for men with clinically localized prostate cancer, the benefit of radical prostatectomy was statistically significant but small, with an absolute difference of 5.4 percentage points in the rate of death due to prostate cancer at 12 years (which has not widened with continued follow-up). This difference means that about 18 radical prostatectomies would have to be performed to prevent a single death from prostate cancer over a 12-year period.&lt;a href="http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/full/359/24/2515#R2"&gt;2&lt;/a&gt; However, in subgroup analyses at both 10 and 12 years of follow-up, even this level of effectiveness appeared to be confined to men 65 years of age or younger. Men 75 or older were not enrolled, presumably because they were considered less likely to benefit from surgery.
It is important to note that less than 10% of subjects in this Scandinavian trial had their prostate cancer diagnosed through screening. The long average lag time between a detectable increase in the PSA level — 5 to 10 years — and the development of clinical cancer, as well as the possibility of overdiagnosis associated with PSA screening, suggests that an even smaller benefit may be seen in the U.S. Prostate Cancer Intervention versus Observation Trial (PIVOT), in which about three quarters of participants had their cancer diagnosed through PSA screening. Results from PIVOT are expected in 2010. As in the Scandinavian trial, men 75 or older were not enrolled.
The effect of competing hazards would also attenuate the benefit of screening and attempted curative treatment for men 75 or older. Given the slow growth of most prostate cancers and the resultant long lead times between detectability and clinical disease, men may need to live much longer than 10 years to reap the benefits of PSA screening — and of course, preventing a death from prostate cancer does not bestow immortality. For example, out of 1000 75-year-old male nonsmokers, 19 would be expected to die of prostate cancer over the next 10 years, whereas 430 would be expected to die of other causes.&lt;a href="http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/full/359/24/2515#R3"&gt;3&lt;/a&gt; Even if a few of the deaths from prostate cancer could be prevented within this time frame, the effect on overall mortality would be small. And fewer older men than younger men would still be alive beyond 10 years to reap any delayed benefits of screening; for example, life expectancy for men surviving to the age of 85 is about 6 years.
Whereas the benefits of screening attenuate with age, the harms increase. PSA levels are strongly age-dependent, so at any given PSA threshold, older men will have substantially higher risks of both requiring a prostate biopsy and being diagnosed with prostate cancer. For example, about 6% of men in their 60s, 21% in their 70s, and 28% in their 80s would be expected to have a PSA level above 4.0 ng per liter,&lt;a href="http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/full/359/24/2515#R4"&gt;4&lt;/a&gt; a common threshold for considering a prostate biopsy. Regular PSA screening roughly doubles the risk that men will have to face a diagnosis of prostate cancer over the next 10 years, but many of these cancers would never present clinically. Given that the risk of prostate cancer is also age-related, this effect will be greatest among older men. And finally, the risks of both postoperative death and complications of radical prostatectomy are age-related, escalating after the age of 75.&lt;a href="http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/full/359/24/2515#R5"&gt;5&lt;/a&gt;
Given the unfavorable trade-off between the possible benefits and known risks of prostate-cancer screening after the age of 74, I believe the USPSTF recommendation is sound. As with all guidelines, clinical judgment should be used in its application. For example, given the relationship between self-rated health and life expectancy, a clinician might consider having a discussion about PSA screening with (not simply testing) men in their late 70s who rate their own health as "excellent" but discontinue screening discussions at the age of 75 if self-rated health is "good," at the age of 70 if self-rated health is "fair," and at the age of 65 if self-rated health is "poor." These thresholds roughly correspond to a remaining life expectancy of 10 years, a threshold below which other guidelines — for example, those from the American Cancer Society — have recommended against screening. Any threshold, of course, is inevitably somewhat arbitrary.
Considering the ongoing controversies surrounding prostate-cancer screening, evidence from randomized trials about benefit and harms would be welcome indeed. The large, ongoing trials of PSA screening in the United States (the Prostate, Lung, Colorectal, and Ovarian, or PLCO, Cancer Screening Trial), Europe (the European Randomized Study of Screening for Prostate Cancer, or ERSPC), and the United Kingdom (Prostate Testing for Cancer and Treatment, or Protect) will eventually help to resolve some of these controversies — the first two trials should produce results over the next 5 years. However, none of the findings from these trials will bear directly on the question of whether screening is appropriate for men 75 or older, since men in this age group were excluded from all three.
Population-based studies of PSA testing in the United States have shown fairly high levels of screening among men in their late 70s and even in their 80s. The new recommendations from the USPSTF should prompt clinicians and patients to think twice, or even three times, before ordering PSA tests for cases in which screening is especially likely to do more harm than good.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/32597052-514307293262375766?l=paulolotufo.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://paulolotufo.blogspot.com/feeds/514307293262375766/comments/default' title='Postar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=32597052&amp;postID=514307293262375766' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/32597052/posts/default/514307293262375766'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/32597052/posts/default/514307293262375766'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://paulolotufo.blogspot.com/2008/12/preveno-do-cncer-de-prstata-melhor-do.html' title='Prevenção do Câncer de Próstata: melhor do que InCa e SBU'/><author><name>Paulo A. Lotufo</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/00246144050660663066</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-32597052.post-5712505556167072568</id><published>2008-12-09T22:58:00.003-02:00</published><updated>2008-12-09T23:03:58.280-02:00</updated><title type='text'>Mais uma vez, as vitaminas não contam</title><content type='html'>&lt;div align="justify"&gt;Uma vez mais, a perspectiva de prevenção do câncer com uso de vitaminas não consegue ser provado em dois ensaios clínicos publicados em JAMA, hoje.
&lt;strong&gt;Vitamins E and C in the Prevention of Prostate and Total Cancer in Men: ThePhysicians' Health Study II Randomized Controlled Trial&lt;/strong&gt;    JAMA &lt;a href="http://jama.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/abstract/2008.862v1?etoc"&gt;http://jama.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/abstract/2008.862v1?etoc&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;strong&gt;Effect of Selenium and Vitamin E on Risk of Prostate Cancer and Other Cancers: The Selenium and Vitamin E Cancer Prevention Trial (SELECT)&lt;/strong&gt;   &lt;a href="http://jama.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/abstract/2008.864v1?etoc"&gt;http://jama.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/abstract/2008.864v1?etoc&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;strong&gt;Editorials: Randomized Trials of Antioxidant Supplementation for Cancer Prevention:First Bias, Now Chance--Next, Cause       &lt;/strong&gt;   &lt;a href="http://jama.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/full/2008.863v1?etoc"&gt;http://jama.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/full/2008.863v1?etoc&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/32597052-5712505556167072568?l=paulolotufo.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://paulolotufo.blogspot.com/feeds/5712505556167072568/comments/default' title='Postar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=32597052&amp;postID=5712505556167072568' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/32597052/posts/default/5712505556167072568'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/32597052/posts/default/5712505556167072568'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://paulolotufo.blogspot.com/2008/12/mais-uma-vez-as-vitaminas-no-contam.html' title='Mais uma vez, as vitaminas não contam'/><author><name>Paulo A. Lotufo</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/00246144050660663066</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-32597052.post-8388314810416465847</id><published>2008-12-08T14:40:00.001-02:00</published><updated>2008-12-08T14:42:47.906-02:00</updated><title type='text'>Esperança em nova vacina para malária</title><content type='html'>&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;A Hopeful Beginning for Malaria Vaccines.&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;William E. Collins, Ph.D., and John W. Barnwell, M.P.H., Ph.D.
An effective human malaria vaccine has been sought for over 70 years, with little success.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/full/NEJMe0808983?query=TOC#R1"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt; A successful malaria vaccine used in conjunction with other control interventions would help reduce and eventually eliminate the considerable global disease burden caused by malaria. Many different antigens have been identified as potential targets for malaria-vaccine development. One of these, the repetitive sequence of four amino acids in the circumsporozoite antigen on the surface of the sporozoite of Plasmodium falciparum, arguably the most important of the human malarias, is the basis for the RTS,S vaccine.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/full/NEJMe0808983?query=TOC#R2"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt; This vaccine was subjected to extensive studies involving human volunteers, the results of which indicated a potential protective efficacy of about 40% when the vaccine was used in combination with an effective adjuvant therapy.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/full/NEJMe0808983?query=TOC#R3"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;3&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/full/NEJMe0808983?query=TOC#R4"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;4&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt; Subsequently, a number of field studies have indicated that in endemic areas, this vaccine could have a rate of efficacy of about 30% against clinical disease and about 40% against new cases of infection.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/full/NEJMe0808983?query=TOC#R5"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;5&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/full/NEJMe0808983?query=TOC#R6"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;6&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt; This is the first candidate malaria vaccine to show significant protection in laboratory- and field-based clinical studies.
The evaluation of the safety and efficacy of malaria vaccines in infants and children is of utmost importance because most deaths and illness from malaria occur in these age groups, in areas of moderate-to-high transmission. In this issue of the Journal, Abdulla et al.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/full/NEJMe0808983?query=TOC#R7"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;7&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt; describe their safety and immunogenicity trial in which the RTS,S vaccine was used in combination with the AS02D adjuvant (ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00289185 &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://content.nejm.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=NCT00289185&amp;amp;link_type=CLINTRIALGOV"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;[ClinicalTrials.gov]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt; ). The RTS,S/AS02D vaccine had a reasonable safety profile as compared with the control hepatitis B vaccine, and anticircumsporozoite-antibody titers were detectable in more than 98% of the infants receiving the RTS,S/AS02D vaccine. In this trial, RTS,S was given along with other vaccines for children (a vaccine containing diphtheria and tetanus toxoids, whole-cell pertussis vaccine, and conjugated Haemophilus influenzae type b vaccine), according to the Expanded Program on Immunization (EPI) schedule. There was no interference with immune responses to the EPI vaccines. This result suggests that it will be feasible to provide RTS,S together with other routine children's vaccines, making its delivery in endemic areas much easier and less costly. During the 6-month period after immunization, the incidences of malarial infection and clinical disease in the RTS,S group were reduced by 65% and 59%, respectively. There was a correlation between a reduced risk of infection and increased circumsporozoite antibody titers. There was no association, however, between a reduction in the incidence of clinically active malaria and an increased circumsporozoite-antibody titer.
Also in this issue, Bejon et al.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/full/NEJMe0808983?query=TOC#R8"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;8&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt; report on a phase 2b safety and efficacy trial of the RTS,S vaccine combined with the AS01E adjuvant, in children 5 to 17 months of age (NCT00380393 &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://content.nejm.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=NCT00380393&amp;amp;link_type=CLINTRIALGOV"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;[ClinicalTrials.gov]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt; ). The RTS,S/AS01E vaccine was associated with fewer severe adverse events than the control rabies vaccine. Overall, there was an unadjusted rate of efficacy of 60% against all episodes of P. falciparum clinical malaria, with anticircumsporozoite-antibody titers detectable in more than 99% of the recipients of the RTS,S/AS01E vaccine. However, as in the trial by Abdulla et al., there was no evidence that protection against clinical disease was correlated with anticircumsporozoite titers in children vaccinated with RTS,S/AS01E. The AS01E adjuvant used by Bejon et al. was developed to enhance the immune response to the circumsporozoite target antigen and, it was hoped, provide greater efficacy than the AS02D adjuvant used by Abdulla et al. and in earlier clinical studies of RTS,S.
A comparison of the two articles reveals that the mean circumsporozoite antibody titers among the children receiving the RTS,S/AS01E vaccine were approximately 10 times that among those receiving the RTS,S/AS02D vaccine. However, although the overall mean antibody titers were lower with the AS02D adjuvant, both in the trial by Abdulla et al. and in a previous trial involving infants in Mozambique,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/full/NEJMe0808983?query=TOC#R9"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;9&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt; the protection against infection and clinical disease was similar to that in the trial of AS01E by Bejon et al. In the studies by Abdulla and Bejon and their colleagues, the efficacy against clinical disease did not differ whether AS01E or AS02D was used as an adjuvant, but the efficacy with either is greater than the 30% rate reported in a previous trial.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/full/NEJMe0808983?query=TOC#R6"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;6&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt; Whether the higher antibody titers associated with the use of AS01E might translate into a longer duration of protective efficacy for the RTS,S vaccine remains to be demonstrated.
The correlation of reduced incidence of infection with higher antibody levels is encouraging and intuitive, given the biologic basis of infection. Correlations between antibody levels and protection against disease are more difficult to reconcile in the context of the biologic features of malaria and the target of this vaccine. In humans, there are two main developmental stages of the malaria life cycle: the exoerythrocytic stage in the liver, involving the sporozoite and hypnozoite, and the erythrocytic stage in the blood, involving the merozoite. Immunity acquired against one form of the malaria parasite does not operate against other forms. Sporozoites — the target of RTS,S — are injected into humans through mosquito bites, infect hepatocytes, and initiate the development of other liver-stage parasites. One sporozoite produces thousands of merozoites that parasitize erythrocytes to initiate the blood stage of infection, which in turn produces the clinical disease of malaria. Thus, if immune responses generated by "leaky" pre-erythrocytic vaccines such as RTS,S fail to block just a single sporozoite from invading or developing in the hepatocyte, then a blood-stage infection will follow, and typical paroxysmal fevers and, perhaps, severe malarial disease will manifest.
Although the results of Abdulla et al. and Bejon et al. are promising, the baseline incidence of malaria was low in each study area. Evaluations of vaccine-efficacy studies can be complicated by the introduction of insecticide-treated bed nets and artemisinin-based combination drug treatments through ongoing control programs across sub-Saharan Africa.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/full/NEJMe0808983?query=TOC#R10"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;10&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt; Recent reports indicate that, in some areas in which malaria is endemic, such as in the Gambia in West Africa and Kenya and Tanzania in East Africa, there have been dramatic reductions in the malarial disease burden.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/full/NEJMe0808983?query=TOC#R11"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;11&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/full/NEJMe0808983?query=TOC#R12"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;12&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;
However, as the RTS,S vaccine heads into phase 3 trials in 2009, large areas across Africa still have moderate-to-intense malaria transmission. Malaria transmission of yet higher intensity, with greater and more continuous assault by mosquito-injected sporozoites, could affect the efficacy of this vaccine.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/full/NEJMe0808983?query=TOC#R6"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;6&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt; This is the first malaria vaccine to reach this stage of development, and it will be essential to learn how it performs in areas of more intense transmission. Only then will we have a clear idea of what effect it will have on the well-being of children in Africa and elsewhere and its role in malaria control. It is, indeed, a hopeful beginning.
&lt;span style="font-size:78%;"&gt;No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.
Source Information
From the Malaria Branch, Division of Parasitic Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta. The opinions expressed in this article are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the views of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. This article (10.1056/NEJMe0808983) was published at www.nejm.org on December 8, 2008. It will appear in the December 11 issue of the Journal&lt;/span&gt;.
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:78%;"&gt;References
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&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;Peter J. Hotez. Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Tropical Medicine, The George Washington University and Sabin Vaccine Institute, Washington, D.C., United States of America
&lt;/span&gt;Abstract
In the United States, there is a largely hidden burden of diseases caused by a group of chronic and debilitating parasitic, bacterial, and congenital infections known as the neglected infections of poverty. Like their neglected tropical disease counterparts in developing countries, the neglected infections of poverty in the US disproportionately affect impoverished and under-represented minority populations. &lt;a class="bug public" id="annAnchor1" onmouseover="ambra.displayComment.mouseoverComment(this);" title="Click to preview this note" onclick="return(ambra.displayComment.show(this));" onmouseout="ambra.displayComment.mouseoutComment(this);" href="http://www.plosntds.org/article/info:doi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pntd.0000256#" displayid="info:doi/10.1371/annotation/e7700c83-08ef-4586-9ada-8f83dcf7f764"&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;The major neglected infections include the helminth infections, toxocariasis, strongyloidiasis, ascariasis, and cysticercosis; the intestinal protozoan infection trichomoniasis; some zoonotic bacterial infections, including leptospirosis; the vector-borne infections Chagas disease, leishmaniasis, trench fever, and dengue fever; and the congenital infections cytomegalovirus (CMV), toxoplasmosis, and syphilis. These diseases occur predominantly in people of color living in the Mississippi Delta and elsewhere in the American South, in disadvantaged urban areas, and in the US–Mexico borderlands, as well as in certain immigrant populations and disadvantaged white populations living in Appalachia. Preliminary disease burden estimates of the neglected infections of poverty indicate that tens of thousands, or in some cases, hundreds of thousands of poor Americans harbor these chronic infections, which represent some of the greatest health disparities in the United States. Specific policy recommendations include active surveillance (including newborn screening) to ascertain accurate population-based estimates of disease burden; epidemiological studies to determine the extent of autochthonous transmission of Chagas disease and other infections; mass or targeted treatments; vector control; and research and development for new control tools including improved diagnostics and accelerated development of a vaccine to prevent congenital CMV infection and congenital toxoplasmosis.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/32597052-4594604333320534047?l=paulolotufo.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://paulolotufo.blogspot.com/feeds/4594604333320534047/comments/default' title='Postar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=32597052&amp;postID=4594604333320534047' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/32597052/posts/default/4594604333320534047'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/32597052/posts/default/4594604333320534047'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://paulolotufo.blogspot.com/2008/12/plos.html' title='PLOS: doenças negligenciadas nos Estados Unidos'/><author><name>Paulo A. Lotufo</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/00246144050660663066</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-32597052.post-1754984254856870819</id><published>2008-12-05T09:20:00.002-02:00</published><updated>2008-12-05T09:26:06.172-02:00</updated><title type='text'>Brasileiro vence concurso do The Lancet</title><content type='html'>&lt;div align="justify"&gt;O médico Enrique Falceto de Barros, recém formado na Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul venceu com mais cinco concorrentes o prêmio Young Voices In Research for Health do &lt;strong&gt;The Lancet&lt;/strong&gt; e do &lt;strong&gt;Global Forum for Health Reseaarch&lt;/strong&gt;. Para ler a monografia de Enrique, &lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.thelancetglobalhealthnetwork.com/wp-content/uploads/2008/11/enrique-falceto-de-barros.pdf"&gt;clique aqui.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;a title="Permanent Link: Winners of the 2008 essay competition, Young Voices in Research for Health" href="http://www.thelancetglobalhealthnetwork.com/wp-content/uploads/2008/11/enrique-falceto-de-barros.pdf" rel="bookmark"&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;Winners of the 2008 essay competition, Young Voices in Research for Health&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;em&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;The Lancet, together with the Geneva-based Global Forum for Health Research, is pleased to announce the winners of the 2008 essay competition, Young Voices in Research for Health. The theme of this year’s contest was research for climate change and health. Essayists were asked to devise research questions on the topic as it applies to vulnerable populations around the world.
Almost 300 entries were submitted, from 66 countries. A shortlist of 42 was chosen by a team of judges from the Global Forum and The Lancet. Six winners were selected from the shortlist.
The six winners, whose essays are posted here, are Enrique Falceto de Barros (Brazil), Philippa Bird (UK), Lester Sam Geroy (Philippines), Rhona Mijumbi (Uganda), Marame Ndour (Senegal), and Charles Salmen (USA).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/32597052-1754984254856870819?l=paulolotufo.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://paulolotufo.blogspot.com/feeds/1754984254856870819/comments/default' title='Postar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=32597052&amp;postID=1754984254856870819' title='1 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/32597052/posts/default/1754984254856870819'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/32597052/posts/default/1754984254856870819'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://paulolotufo.blogspot.com/2008/12/brasileiro-vence-concurso-do.html' title='Brasileiro vence concurso do The Lancet'/><author><name>Paulo A. Lotufo</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/00246144050660663066</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>1</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-32597052.post-4264281937365422241</id><published>2008-12-04T21:49:00.003-02:00</published><updated>2008-12-04T22:27:31.428-02:00</updated><title type='text'>Boanerges de Souza Massa: história finalizada</title><content type='html'>&lt;div align="justify"&gt;Boanerges formou-se em medicina na USP em 1965 (&lt;em&gt;ano a  confirmar&lt;/em&gt;). Durante muito tempo foi uma figura mítica na Faculdade, pouco se falava dele, a maioria das vezes como se fosse ou um louco irresponsável ou um agente policial disfarçado. &lt;em&gt;(assim ouvi mais de uma vez nos anos 70)&lt;/em&gt; Nunca foi alçado à condição de "herói da resistência".  Alguns lembravam dele por uma cirurgia realizada em ambiente clandestino em um militante da Ação Libertadora Nacional (ALN) que fora baleado. Eduardo Manzano e Heloisa L. Manzano, médicos que moram em Porto Nacional e, se formaram com ele, afirmam que o viram no início dos anos 70 e, mantinham a descrição de Boanerges em seu livro "&lt;a href="http://www.estantevirtual.com.br/mod_perl/info.cgi?livro=12926021"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Memórias de um casal de médicos nas barrancas do Tocantins"&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;strong&gt; &lt;/strong&gt; como a de um sujeito estranho. &lt;em&gt;(expressão a confirmar, transcrita pela memória do blogueiro)&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;Nessa semana, duas publicações, uma transcrita no &lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href="http://stat.correioweb.com.br/cw/EDICAO_20070415/fotos/ad3-1.pdf"&gt;Correio Braziliense&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; de um  livro que não foi publicado de autoria do próprio Exército nos anos 80 e, a outra o livro &lt;strong&gt;Sem Vestígios&lt;/strong&gt; de  &lt;a href="http://taismorais.blogspot.com/"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Taís Morais&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;strong&gt;  &lt;/strong&gt;trazem informação nova. Boanerges de Souza Massa era militante do Movimento de Libertação Popular (MOLIPO), uma dissidência da  ALN esteve em Cuba, montou um foco guerrilheiro no oeste baiano e, foi preso em Goiás em 1971.Após sessão de tortura foi conduzido à Bahia para reconhecer o local e, na volta foi executado em um sítio em Formosa, Goiás. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;O secretário dos direitos humanos, Paulo de Tarso Vannuchi, ex-militante da ALN, ex-aluno da FMUSP poderia conduzir o reconhecimento póstumo de Boanerges, como mais um daqueles da Casa de Arnaldo que tombaram nos anos de chumbo.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;P.S recomendo o livro &lt;strong&gt;Sem Vestígios &lt;/strong&gt;onde descreve as "memórias" de Carioca, um agente da repressão política. Há momentos horríveis como a descrição da morte de David Capistrano. Porém,  a autora poderia ter revisado melhor algumas passagens onde derrapa em gongorismos e  redundâncias. Mas, o pior foi a nota de rodapé, que inimigos de José Dirceu utilizaram fora de contexto, com a interpretação de que o ex-presidente do PT e ex-chefe da Casa Civil teria sido agente duplo (uma mera suposição do  Carioca,  sem base fática).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/32597052-4264281937365422241?l=paulolotufo.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://paulolotufo.blogspot.com/feeds/4264281937365422241/comments/default' title='Postar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=32597052&amp;postID=4264281937365422241' title='1 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/32597052/posts/default/4264281937365422241'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/32597052/posts/default/4264281937365422241'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://paulolotufo.blogspot.com/2008/12/boanerges-de-souza-massa-histria.html' title='Boanerges de Souza Massa: história finalizada'/><author><name>Paulo A. Lotufo</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/00246144050660663066</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>1</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-32597052.post-4455772748443027165</id><published>2008-12-04T17:23:00.001-02:00</published><updated>2008-12-04T17:25:37.254-02:00</updated><title type='text'>BMJ: uma vez mais a emigração de profissionais de saúde da África.</title><content type='html'>&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Globalisation spurs migration of healthcare workers from poor nations; &lt;/strong&gt;John Zarocostas&lt;/span&gt;
Globalisation has made it easier for rich nations to "pull in" skilled migrants such as healthcare workers from poor nations, says a report from the International Organization for Migration, which promotes humane and orderly migration. Such migrants include a large number from sub-Saharan Africa, the region with the greatest shortage of healthcare personnel, and the trend is unlikely to abate, the report says.
"Their [rich countries’] ability to offer higher pay, better working conditions and greater opportunities in safer environments will continue to pull foreign health workers until supply exceeds demand," says the report.
It says that the search for employment is at the heart of most migration and concludes that pressures "are set to increase."
There are "more than 200 million international migrants in the world today, two and a half times the number in 1965," it says, and most countries are now simultaneously countries of origin, transit, and destination.
Nearly a quarter of foreign trained doctors in countries of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development were trained in sub-Saharan Africa, and the report suggests a series of possible policy options to limit the negative effects of emigration on the countries of origin.
Countries of destination should continue to develop guidelines for recruiting skilled professionals from poor nations, the report recommends, but it emphasises that self imposed restraints on recruitment by public sector employers "have not been effective in limiting the migration." It says that "exhorting private-sector employers to recruit ethically" is also likely to prove equally ineffective.
"These [guidelines] can serve as a benchmark against which civil society organisations and the nationals and governments of destination and origin countries can evaluate the practice of destination countries."
Anita Davies, a public health specialist at the International Organization for Migration, said that the World Health Organization has taken the lead by preparing a global code of recruitment of health workers, in consultation with other relevant agencies and stakeholders.
A draft has been sent out for comment and will be presented to WHO’s governing board for consideration in January. If agreed, it will be sent to the annual World Health Assembly for adoption.
The report says that policy innovations can help to mitigate some of the risks to poorer nations of diminished service access and availability. These schemes include flexible, multi-use, multi-annual work permits that may allow poor nations of origin to manage flows more effectively and thus avoid critical shortfalls in the provision of health care. Such schemes may include fixed term contracts to train or work for a period in a rich nation and may also include commitments to upgrade their own healthcare system with the support of a destination country.
The report estimates that Lesotho and Namibia have lost more than 30% of their physicians to emigration and that this percentage rises to more than 50% in Malawi, Tanzania, and Zambia and to 75% in Mozambique. Every year 1000 doctors emigrate from South Africa, says the report, and an estimated 30% to 50% of all South African medical school graduates emigrate to the United Kingdom or the United States annually. Doctors from South Africa make up just under 10% of all foreign trained doctors in Australia and 7% in the UK, it says
However, it points out that South Africa is also the destination for skilled health workers from other parts of Africa, including Botswana, the Democratic Republic of Congo, Ghana, Nigeria, and Zimbabwe.
South Africa has the highest ratio of doctors to population on the continent, at 56.3 per 100 000 people, whereas in the Democratic Republic of Congo the figure is only 6.2 per 100 000.
The report says that South Africa has tried to deal with staff shortages in the public health sector by hiring Iranian and Cuban health personnel to work in rural areas.
Meanwhile, a joint working paper by the OECD and WHO on international health mobility in Canada concludes that foreign trained doctors accounted for more than 22% of Canada’s total in 2005-6.
Among rich OECD nations, New Zealand had the highest proportion of foreign trained doctors, with 36%, it says.
The joint study also found that in 2005 about 15% of newly registered doctors in Canada were trained in countries from the WHO list of countries with critical shortages of health personnel. The corresponding figure for the UK was 46% and that for the US was 39%.
But the report also shows that in 2006 about 8000 Canadian trained doctors were practising in the US. It says that differences in income and availability of positions were often among the reasons cited for emigrating&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/32597052-4455772748443027165?l=paulolotufo.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://paulolotufo.blogspot.com/feeds/4455772748443027165/comments/default' title='Postar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=32597052&amp;postID=4455772748443027165' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/32597052/posts/default/4455772748443027165'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/32597052/posts/default/4455772748443027165'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://paulolotufo.blogspot.com/2008/12/bmj-uma-vez-mais-emigrao-de.html' title='BMJ: uma vez mais a emigração de profissionais de saúde da África.'/><author><name>Paulo A. Lotufo</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/00246144050660663066</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-32597052.post-1596432527968324509</id><published>2008-12-03T23:01:00.002-02:00</published><updated>2008-12-03T23:07:54.320-02:00</updated><title type='text'>Circuncisão e prevenção da aids: vale a pena ler texto do NEJM</title><content type='html'>&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Circumcision — A Surgical Strategy for HIV Prevention in Africa.&lt;/strong&gt;
&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Ingrid T. Katz, M.D., M.H.S., and  Alexi A. Wright, M.D&lt;/strong&gt;.
In a radical departure from earlier strategies, public health officials are now arguing that circumcision of men should be a key weapon in the fight against infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in Africa. Recent studies have shown that circumcision reduces infection rates by 50 to 60% among heterosexual African men. Experts estimate that more than 3 million lives could be saved in sub-Saharan Africa alone if the procedure becomes widely used. But skeptics argue that efforts to "scale-up" circumcision programs on the continent that has the fewest physicians per capita may draw funds away from other necessary public health programs, ultimately threatening already tenuous health care systems.
How circumcision prevents HIV transmission is not completely understood, but scientists believe that the foreskin acts as a reservoir for HIV-containing secretions, increasing the contact time between the virus and target cells lining the foreskin's inner mucosa. Early evidence of circumcision's protective effect dates back to the late 1980s. Researchers working in Africa and Asia noticed that HIV-prevalence rates differed dramatically among neighboring regions and were often lowest in areas where circumcision was practiced. More than 40 observational studies followed, but most researchers remained skeptical about the results. Then, in 2002, Bertran Auvert, professor of public health at the University of Versailles, launched one of the first randomized, controlled trials of circumcision in Orange Farm, South Africa, a community with a low rate of circumcision and a high prevalence of HIV infection. After the 12-month interim analysis, the data and safety monitoring board decided to stop the trial. The data were clear: circumcision reduced the rate of HIV infection among heterosexual men by 60%.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;
Since then, two other randomized, controlled clinical trials in Kenya and Uganda have confirmed the results from South Africa.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt; Both were stopped early because of overwhelmingly positive results. The research teams thought it was unethical to require men in the control group to wait 24 months before undergoing circumcision. A few men had already obtained off-protocol circumcisions, but since the study results were released, the demand has skyrocketed. "We have three operating rooms running every day," said Ronald Gray, lead author on the Ugandan study and professor at the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health. "We have done about 1000 surgeries in 3 months — after completing all of the surgeries for trial participants."
Researchers have also found that circumcision provides increased protection against the human papillomavirus, herpes simplex virus, syphilis, and chancroid. But the most compelling evidence is still for HIV prevention, argues Roger Shapiro, a researcher at Harvard School of Public Health who is helping to implement a pilot program to offer infant circumcision in Botswana: "Circumcision isn't a new scientific breakthrough, but it works. It is the only proven medical intervention that can complement condom use and improve protection. If we had this level of data for a vaccine or a microbicide, you can bet there would be a massive push for immediate scale-up."
Key distinctions between penile surgery and less-invasive methods of HIV prevention, however, may hinder momentum. For one thing, some African officials remain wary of circumcision because of concerns about cost and safety. Currently, physicians are performing most circumcisions, but many countries are hoping to decrease costs by training a cadre of lower-level health care workers (such as medical or clinical officers and nurses) to fill the provider gap that many countries face. Adequate training is essential, however, since complication rates ranged from 1.7 to 3.6% among HIV-negative men in the trials (as compared with rates of 0.2 to 2.0% associated with infant circumcision in the United States). Most complications were minor — pain or bleeding — but higher complication rates have been reported outside trial settings. One recent report indicated that severe complications developed in 18% of men, and 6% had permanent adverse sequelae including mutilation of the glans, excessive scarring, and erectile dysfunction.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt; Inadequate sterilization procedures and surgical instruments were probably important factors in the higher rates, but Daniel Halperin, senior research scientist at Harvard School of Public Health, argues that high complication rates primarily reflect a problem with training, not with the procedure itself: "Circumcision can be performed safely, with relatively few complications, anywhere in the world, if clinicians are trained properly."
Policymakers are also struggling with complex cultural barriers in societies where circumcision is not part of mainstream practice. In countries such as South Africa, for example, most men are not circumcised, but certain subpopulations, including the Xhosa ethnic group, practice circumcision of boys as a rite of passage into manhood. Many South Africans frown on the practice, and after several young Xhosa boys died from circumcision-related complications, then-President Thabo Mbeki signed a bill banning (with some religious and medical exceptions) circumcision in boys under 16 years of age. Some fear that the deaths associated with traditional circumcision have prevented expansion of the program in South Africa, but others argue that offering clean, safe medical circumcision to these communities could be lifesaving.
Many public health researchers fear that there are deeper reasons for some African governments' skepticism. Some speculate that Africa's colonialist history has left these leaders with lingering suspicions about possible oppression, which have long taken the form of "deep denial regarding HIV treatment and prevention in certain regions of Africa," according to Francois Venter, clinical director of HIV management and reproductive health at the University of the Witwatersrand in South Africa. Others reference the dark history of surgical interventions deployed in the name of public health, citing the Indian sterilization camps of the 1970s. All agree that implementation of circumcision on a national level will require in-country champions and strong political will to succeed. "Currently all of the funding is coming from Western nations," says Venter, "and this makes people suspicious."
To counterbalance perceptions of Western intrusion, the U.S. President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR) is working with local governments and public health partners to create an acceptable and sustainable model for implementing circumcision programs. "Countries are going to have to scale-up according to their own goals," said Catherine Hankins, chief scientific adviser to the Joint United Nations Program on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS). "We are not setting any international agendas." UNAIDS, the World Health Organization (WHO), and their partners have set up a Web site (&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.malecircumcision.org/"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;www.malecircumcision.org&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;) to allow interested countries to trade information directly.
Most people involved in scaling up adult male circumcision recognize that the surgery is a costly endeavor and a socially complex intervention that may compromise other public health priorities. Venter argues, "In South Africa, we have many other competing health issues, including maternal and child health and tuberculosis, which still need much more support." Nevertheless, he remains a proponent of circumcision as a means for getting young men into the health care system to help protect them against HIV and educate them about safe sex practices.
Major international funders, including the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation and PEPFAR, agree that ramped-up circumcision efforts must be funded as add-on services to guarantee that they will not detract from other programs. Although PEPFAR has granted $26 million for circumcision programs in 13 African countries — Botswana, Kenya, Rwanda, Zambia, South Africa, Lesotho, Malawi, Mozambique, Tanzania, Uganda, Namibia, Ethiopia, and Swaziland — implementation has been highly variable.
In order to optimize HIV-prevention measures, officials from WHO and UNAIDS are advising that countries offer a minimum package of services in addition to circumcision, including HIV testing, screening for sexually transmitted infections, promotion of condom use, and counseling on safer sex. Such a comprehensive approach is meant to address concerns that circumcised men may adopt riskier behavior because they feel protected after undergoing the procedure. Despite these concerns, Gray and others have shown that there are no differences between the sexual behaviors of circumcised men and those of uncircumcised men — reassuring news, since many researchers and policymakers see circumcision programs as an opportunity to engage young men and women in HIV prevention. Robert Bailey, lead author on the Kenya study and professor of epidemiology at University of Illinois at Chicago, has noticed more participation of sexual partners in voluntary HIV counseling and testing since circumcision programs started.
Reaching women through other prevention methods is important because there is no direct evidence to date that circumcision reduces the risk of transmission from men to women. In a small substudy, Ugandan researchers circumcised HIV-positive men and then followed their HIV-negative female partners to see whether their risk of infection was reduced. Data presented earlier this year did not demonstrate a benefit&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt; — a failure the researchers attributed to a sample size too small to allow differences to reach statistical significance. Indirect evidence from modeling, however, suggests that women will ultimately benefit from circumcision programs that reduce the HIV prevalence among men.
Although circumcision has increasing support from researchers, donors, and politicians, its status as a non–behavior-based intervention may ultimately be its biggest obstacle. Neil Martinson, deputy director of the Perinatal HIV Research Institute at the University of the Witwatersrand in South Africa, summarizes this concern: "People are used to policies that target behaviors, but circumcision is a surgical intervention — it's cold, hard steel — and that doesn't always go down well." Ultimately, as programs move forward, the scale-up of circumcision will require strong political backing, adequate funding, and leaders to champion the cause to ensure that it is a safe, low-cost option available throughout Africa.
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/32597052-1596432527968324509?l=paulolotufo.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://paulolotufo.blogspot.com/feeds/1596432527968324509/comments/default' title='Postar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=32597052&amp;postID=1596432527968324509' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/32597052/posts/default/1596432527968324509'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/32597052/posts/default/1596432527968324509'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://paulolotufo.blogspot.com/2008/12/circunciso-e-preveno-da-aids-vale-pena.html' title='Circuncisão e prevenção da aids: vale a pena ler texto do NEJM'/><author><name>Paulo A. Lotufo</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/00246144050660663066</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-32597052.post-3131590320995641032</id><published>2008-12-02T09:41:00.002-02:00</published><updated>2008-12-02T09:53:04.365-02:00</updated><title type='text'>Demitir Jack Bauer, acabar com a tortura</title><content type='html'>&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Futuro Presidente dos EUA, Barack Obama: &lt;/strong&gt;demissão sumária de Jack Bauer.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Secretário dos Direitos Humanos, Paulo de Tarso Vanucchi:&lt;/strong&gt; menos bravatas em auditórios com ar condicionado e caça aos Jack Bauers tupiniquins.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Who is Jack Bauer?&lt;/strong&gt;   Dr Homer Drae Venters MD (publicado no The Lancet)&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;A patient of mine, Kofi, once asked me, “Who is Jack Bauer?” I felt a little queasy because the patient, question, and answer all shared a common element, torture. I first met Kofi when I was a resident, only 1 year into my training in assessing survivors of torture who were seeking asylum at the Bronx Human Rights Clinic, New York, USA. The application of these people can be strengthened by medical examination of the physical and mental sequelae of torture. Before fleeing his country, Kofi endured several brutal detentions, as part of government persecution of his ethnic group. During his assessment at the Bronx Human Rights Clinic, Kofi described in detail the beatings, stabbings, and various humiliations that his government had perpetrated on him. Kofi then underwent a laborious 3-h physical examination, cataloguing every scar and musculoskeletal and neurological finding. The final part of this examination was to assess Kofi's psyche for the inevitable consequences of his experiences. Several months later, Kofi's asylum application was granted; we have continued to see each other for his primary-care needs. So what of Jack Bauer?
Kofi has taken a deep interest in the politics of his adopted country, and has watched every US presidential debate so far. During one debate, a scenario was put to all the candidates, that can be summed up as the torture dilemma: terrorists have struck on US soil; the authorities have detained suspects, and have reason to think that some may possess knowledge of another imminent attack. The presidential candidates were asked whether to torture or not to torture. Only one candidate, Senator John McCain of Arizona, unequivocally responded in the negative; the others advocated various forms of so-called enhanced interrogation: a phrase which gives torture a more palatable label, and perpetuates the false impression that torture enhances interrogation. The most popular and memorable response came from Representative Tom Tancredo of Colorado, who responded: “I'm looking for Jack Bauer at that time, let me tell you”.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt; Jack Bauer is the immensely popular character from the Fox TV show 24, who regularly relies on his own version of enhanced interrogation. Jack Bauer makes torture popular.
Somewhere in the fog of war, terror, and politics, we have become accustomed to the idea of torture.&lt;strong&gt; Recent polling shows that American acceptance of torture is increasing, from 36% in 2006 to 44% in 2008&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;Additionally, more than half of Americans support torture in some situations, and an equal number support the practice of so-called rendition to other countries for the purpose of torture.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a name="bbib3"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;During prime-time television, this approval of torture is generated and reflected by Jack Bauer, roughing up prisoners in a weekly struggle to protect the country. As I chatted with Kofi about how we arrived at this acceptance of torture in the USA, he said, “You have no idea what you would do to your neighbour if you thought he would harm your family.” Kofi went on to explain that acceptance of torture can arise from a heightened level of fear, that overcomes good judgment and gives way to inhumanity. For him, tribal fears and animosities paved the way for his persecution. For Americans, Kofi observed, a toxic fear of terror has allowed torture to emerge as an accepted practice.
A central argument against torture is exemplified by Senator John McCain's belief that torture is inherently un-American. Senator McCain believes that to torture is to debase our national identity. George Washington, as a general in the American War for Independence, observed British troops executing surrendered American prisoners, and banned any retaliation in kind, stating: “Treat them with humanity, and let them have no reason to complain of our copying the brutal example of the British Army in their treatment of our unfortunate brethren”.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a name="bbib4"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a onmouseover="RefPreview.showRef(event,'ref_bib4','refp_4')" onclick="toggleTabs('fullTab')" onmouseout="RefPreview.hideRef()" href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&amp;amp;_udi=B6T1B-4V18V43-S&amp;amp;_user=5674931&amp;amp;_coverDate=12%2F05%2F2008&amp;amp;_rdoc=29&amp;amp;_fmt=full&amp;amp;_orig=browse&amp;amp;_srch=doc-info(%23toc%234886%232008%23996270346%23730164%23FLA%23display%23Volume)&amp;amp;_cdi=4886&amp;amp;_sort=d&amp;amp;_docanchor=&amp;amp;_ct=30&amp;amp;_acct=C000049650&amp;amp;_version=1&amp;amp;_urlVersion=0&amp;amp;_userid=5674931&amp;amp;md5=0820a4393dfe57a75021c6532df37803#bib4"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;4&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt; In torturing, even out of fear for our survival, we lose our virtue and identity as a nation. Virtually every US president since George Washington has endorsed his rebuttal of torture as un-American, as has President-elect Senator Barack Obama. If we cannot torture because of who we are, the damning question then becomes: who have we become if we accept torture? The use of torture undoubtedly has consequences for the external identity of a nation as well. Referring to revelations of torture by US forces in Iraq, historian Alfred McCoy writes that it has “subtly subverted American rhetoric about democracy and has damaged the nation's moral leadership in the Middle East”.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a name="bbib5"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a onmouseover="RefPreview.showRef(event,'ref_bib5','refp_5')" onclick="toggleTabs('fullTab')" onmouseout="RefPreview.hideRef()" href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&amp;amp;_udi=B6T1B-4V18V43-S&amp;amp;_user=5674931&amp;amp;_coverDate=12%2F05%2F2008&amp;amp;_rdoc=29&amp;amp;_fmt=full&amp;amp;_orig=browse&amp;amp;_srch=doc-info(%23toc%234886%232008%23996270346%23730164%23FLA%23display%23Volume)&amp;amp;_cdi=4886&amp;amp;_sort=d&amp;amp;_docanchor=&amp;amp;_ct=30&amp;amp;_acct=C000049650&amp;amp;_version=1&amp;amp;_urlVersion=0&amp;amp;_userid=5674931&amp;amp;md5=0820a4393dfe57a75021c6532df37803#bib5"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;5&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt; The use of torture by US forces was not new;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a name="bbib6"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a onmouseover="RefPreview.showRef(event,'ref_bib6','refp_6')" onclick="toggleTabs('fullTab')" onmouseout="RefPreview.hideRef()" href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&amp;amp;_udi=B6T1B-4V18V43-S&amp;amp;_user=5674931&amp;amp;_coverDate=12%2F05%2F2008&amp;amp;_rdoc=29&amp;amp;_fmt=full&amp;amp;_orig=browse&amp;amp;_srch=doc-info(%23toc%234886%232008%23996270346%23730164%23FLA%23display%23Volume)&amp;amp;_cdi=4886&amp;amp;_sort=d&amp;amp;_docanchor=&amp;amp;_ct=30&amp;amp;_acct=C000049650&amp;amp;_version=1&amp;amp;_urlVersion=0&amp;amp;_userid=5674931&amp;amp;md5=0820a4393dfe57a75021c6532df37803#bib6"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;6&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt; but the photographs from Abu Ghraib in Iraq forced people to ask if systematic use of torture was consistent with the ideals of democracy and freedom.
A second critique of torture is that it simply does not work. Torture apologists often appeal to a desire to get tough, and the reported need to increase the amount of information extracted from so-called high-value detainees. Without widespread understanding of the ineffectiveness of torture, the debate often devolves into duel by anecdotes. But analysis of interrogations has shown torture to be ineffective. One of the most successful US interrogators during World War 2, Marine Corps Major Sherwood Moran, eschewed torture as counterproductive. During interrogations of Japanese prisoners, Moran observed that brutality “played right into the hands of those who were determined not to give away anything of military importance”. By contrast, Moran's success was based on the approach to “forget, as it were, the ‘enemy’ stuff, and the ‘prisoner’ stuff. I tell them to forget it, telling them I am talking as a human being to a human being”.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a name="bbib7"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a onmouseover="RefPreview.showRef(event,'ref_bib7','refp_7')" onclick="toggleTabs('fullTab')" onmouseout="RefPreview.hideRef()" href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&amp;amp;_udi=B6T1B-4V18V43-S&amp;amp;_user=5674931&amp;amp;_coverDate=12%2F05%2F2008&amp;amp;_rdoc=29&amp;amp;_fmt=full&amp;amp;_orig=browse&amp;amp;_srch=doc-info(%23toc%234886%232008%23996270346%23730164%23FLA%23display%23Volume)&amp;amp;_cdi=4886&amp;amp;_sort=d&amp;amp;_docanchor=&amp;amp;_ct=30&amp;amp;_acct=C000049650&amp;amp;_version=1&amp;amp;_urlVersion=0&amp;amp;_userid=5674931&amp;amp;md5=0820a4393dfe57a75021c6532df37803#bib7"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;7&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;After World War 2, the US Military Intelligence Field manual was updated to state that the USA “&lt;strong&gt;prohibits the use of coercive techniques because they produce low quality intelligence. The use of force is a poor technique as it yields unreliable results, may damage subsequent collection efforts, and can induce the source to say whatever he thinks the interrogator wants to hear”.&lt;/strong&gt; A 2006 report by the National Defense Intelligence College reviewed all available evidence on interrogation techniques and concluded &lt;strong&gt;“…studies of the role of assault in promoting attitude change and in eliciting [false] confessions revealed that it was ineffective. Belief changes and compliance were more likely when physical abuse was minimal or absent…although pain is commonly assumed to facilitate compliance, there is no available scientific or systematic research to suggest that coercion can, will, or has provided accurate useful information from otherwise uncooperative sources”&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt; In his book, Torture and the Ticking Bomb, Robert Brecher further deconstructs the usefulness of torture, particularly in the type of scenario presented in the debate watched by Kofi. Brecher concludes that in matters of extreme urgency or importance, a nation would be ill-served to turn to the least reliable method of interrogation.&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;These two arguments against torture, though compelling, still fall flat when I think of Kofi. Each of these criticisms addresses a larger context: our national identity and our national security. However, the most abhorrent aspect of torture is what Kofi and other survivors of torture often reveal to their physicians. That one human being picked up a knife and cut into another. Or suspended them from the ceiling while they were beaten. Or raped them. Or burned them. Long after his scars healed and he adjusted to the aches in his joints, Kofi has continued to struggle with mental anguish from being tortured. We are tempted by the glamour and raw charisma that we project onto Jack Bauer, the illusion of protection, and the lure of vigilante justice. But the raw truth of torture is that whatever the original motive, the torturer and the tortured are transformed into a perpetrator and a victim of violence. The torturer visits inhumanity on his victim, but also on himself and the surrounding community. Athar Yawar notes the relation between the use of torture and the inexorable decay of social fabric, as cruelty and inhumanity becomes pervasive and normative.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;In an analysis of state tyranny, Riadh Abed similarly observes that the dehumanisation of the individual torturer and the acceptance of his acts “leads to the erosion of accepted social norms of behavior and the normalization of violence”.&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;As physicians, we have a responsibility to oppose torture. We treat many patients who describe torture, and many more who have experienced it, but cannot bring themselves to disclose it. If Kofi is correct that irrational, overwhelming fear can lead to inhumanity, we should stoke the fires of reason. Three areas for intervention exist for us as physicians. First, we can educate ourselves (as students, residents, and attending physicians) about torture as a public-health issue, its prevalence in our patient populations, and how it affects our ability to deliver care. In recognising torture as a form of violence affecting many of our patients, we can develop standards of screening, medical education, and patient information that facilitate good medicine. When physicians become more knowledgeable about the effects and prevalence of torture, we can begin to detect and, when necessary, treat the adverse effects of torture among our patients. Second, we should strengthen ties with human-rights organisations, lending the credibility and resources of our profession to this endeavour. Just as physicians eventually became integral to campaigns against child abuse and intimate-partner violence, we should now join the international effort against torture. In their landmark report, Medicine Betrayed, the British Medical Association stated that physicians who are aware of torture “have a positive obligation to make those activities known”.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;Finally, we should proceed in the least partisan manner possible. The political nature of torture is inescapable. But we will need to cast this discussion in terms of violence, public health, and our ability to deliver medical care to our patients. By bearing witness to the brutality visited on Kofi and others, we may be able to care for our patients better, while helping to eliminate public acceptance of torture.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/32597052-3131590320995641032?l=paulolotufo.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://paulolotufo.blogspot.com/feeds/3131590320995641032/comments/default' title='Postar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=32597052&amp;postID=3131590320995641032' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/32597052/posts/default/3131590320995641032'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/32597052/posts/default/3131590320995641032'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://paulolotufo.blogspot.com/2008/12/demitir-jack-bauer-acabar-com-tortura.html' title='Demitir Jack Bauer, acabar com a tortura'/><author><name>Paulo A. Lotufo</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/00246144050660663066</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-32597052.post-8224295522928920712</id><published>2008-12-01T14:30:00.002-02:00</published><updated>2008-12-01T14:35:07.720-02:00</updated><title type='text'>Sensacionalismo e ciência: mamografias e circuncisão</title><content type='html'>&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;Shah Ebrahim é editor do International Journal of Epidemiology e, um arguto observador da cena mundial. Abaixo, um texto instigante exigindo mais ação e menos sensacionalismo ou de como o culto às celebridades nos desvia de questões da maior importância, como a prevenção da aids.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;Media hype: good or bad for patients and the health care system?Shah Ebrahim&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;
&lt;em&gt;E-mail: &lt;/em&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="mailto:shah.ebrahim@lshtm.ac.uk"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;&lt;em&gt;shah.ebrahim@lshtm.ac.uk&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;em&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;Kylie Minogue develops breast cancer and the associated publicity might well be expected to increase young women's demand for breast screening. Kelaher and colleagues&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;a href="http://ije.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/37/6/1199?etoc#B1"&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt; demonstrate the expected increase in breast imaging (about 20%) in the months following publicity. Interestingly, the biopsy rate did not change in younger women and declined in older women. The odds of surgical procedures following biopsy also fell markedly. These findings led the investigators to propose that the media furore affected doctors as well as patients, leading to a retraction of usual evidence-based practice in the months after the publicity. Is this a good or a bad thing? Celebrity disease is something that can be used to good public effect—notably Ronald Regan's Alzheimer's disease diagnosis contributed to moving dementia syndromes from Cinderella status to high National Institutes of Health funding opportunities in the United States.
But what about preventing breast cancer given rising incidence rates (&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;a href="http://info.cancerresearchuk.org/cancerstats/types/breast/incidence/"&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;http://info.cancerresearchuk.org/cancerstats/types/breast/incidence/&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;). Kylie Minogue was young but was at risk due to nulliparity—a powerful risk factor, first recognized in the 1920s by Janet Lane-Clayton.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;a href="http://ije.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/37/6/1199?etoc#B2"&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt; The Million Women study has demonstrated the importance of number of children and breast feeding, among other risk factors,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;a href="http://ije.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/37/6/1199?etoc#B3"&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;3&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt; prompting Valerie Beral, its director, to urge greater research on prolactin, a hormone that increases in late pregnancy and regulates lactation, at a recent UK National Cancer Research Institute conference.
While there are plenty of ‘orphan’ or neglected diseases craving publicity, AIDS is not one of them. The theme of this issue is human immunodeficiency virus—do we still need upper case to denote its importance? Usually associations of social inequalities and disease are negative—it is the poor that suffer. In an analysis of the Tanzanian HIV/AIDS indicator survey, higher standard of living was associated with increased odds of HIV infection, whereas there was no evidence of association with education.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;a href="http://ije.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/37/6/1199?etoc#B4"&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;4&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt; Higher occupational status was associated with HIV in women but unemployed men were at greater risk than working men. These findings indicate that simplistic notions of HIV risk among rich and poor need to be more nuanced in appreciating what is clearly a complex social matrix of risk.
Perhaps the greatest success in the last year has been the randomized trial evidence, building on a decade of observational epidemiology, demonstrating the reduction in risk of infection due to male circumcision. Many doubted the original observational evidence, so it is particularly gratifying to see how large robust clinical trials have been implemented and pooled to provide strong, compelling evidence of benefit in terms of relative risk reductions as big as a halving of risk.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;a href="http://ije.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/37/6/1199?etoc#B5"&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;5&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt; On a recent visit to South Africa, in a particularly high prevalence location, I asked about how this new evidence was going to change policies, practices and research directions locally. ‘Not at all’ was the reply.
The prospect of persuading young men to have circumcisions is not everyone's favourite challenge, but it does seem important that preventive surgical initiatives are evaluated and that private sector circumcisions are safely performed, for example. Londish and Murray's&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;a href="http://ije.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/37/6/1199?etoc#B6"&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;6&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt; paper in this issue follows in the steps of previous attempts to model the effects of male circumcision using a wider range of covariates than in previous models. They conclude that targeting of interventions to younger men with risky sexual behaviours is the most effective strategy. In an accompanying commentary, Gray and colleagues&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;a href="http://ije.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/37/6/1199?etoc#B7"&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;7&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt; question whether models will persuade reluctant health service providers and funders to invest in services. They note that several obvious conclusions derive from commonsense: the impact of circumcision is clearly going to be greatest in high HIV incidence but low circumcision prevalence places; circumcising men who are HIV positive is unlikely to be helpful and may increase transmission of infection to sexual partners; opting for infant circumcision, rather than adolescent and adult surgery, will delay any impact by 20 or more years.
HIV modelling also gets some criticism in Elizabeth Pisani's remarkably entertaining and insightful book, The Wisdom of Whores,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;a href="http://ije.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/37/6/1199?etoc#B8"&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;8&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt; reviewed in this issue by John Cleland from the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;a href="http://ije.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/37/6/1199?etoc#B9"&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;9&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;&lt;em&gt;. Pisani was a student of demography at the School and went on to build a successful career in HIV modelling having been a journalist formerly. The story she tells is of misdirection of research effort and resources as individuals and institutions attempt to get their share of the action. I took this with me for holiday reading and was not disappointed. I recommend you read Cleland's review, get a copy of the book and read it too—whether you are in the HIV field or not.&lt;/em&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/32597052-8224295522928920712?l=paulolotufo.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://paulolotufo.blogspot.com/feeds/8224295522928920712/comments/default' title='Postar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=32597052&amp;postID=8224295522928920712' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/32597052/posts/default/8224295522928920712'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/32597052/posts/default/8224295522928920712'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://paulolotufo.blogspot.com/2008/12/sensacionalismo-e-cincia-mamografias-e.html' title='Sensacionalismo e ciência: mamografias e circuncisão'/><author><name>Paulo A. Lotufo</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/00246144050660663066</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-32597052.post-8797893265777550050</id><published>2008-11-16T09:25:00.004-02:00</published><updated>2008-11-16T09:40:45.508-02:00</updated><title type='text'>Morte por falhas dispara no SUS ou Falhas disparam na imprensa?</title><content type='html'>&lt;div align="justify"&gt;Novamente, repito: não sou crítico da mídia. Mas, depois do 'aumento da aids em mais letrados', agora o &lt;strong&gt;Estadão&lt;/strong&gt; publica que "&lt;strong&gt;Morte por falhas dispara no SUS".&lt;/strong&gt; Eles comparam um período, janeiro a agosto de 1998 com o mesmo intervalo de meses em 2008. Apresentam que houve aumento da proporção de óbitos decorrentes de atos médico-hospitalares de 1 para cada 478 mortes em 1998 para 1 para 147 em 2008. Muito estranho. Primeiro, de onde vieram os dados de 2008? Desconheço tamanha velocidade de apuração. Segundo, a origem da informação é a declaração de óbito e, obviamente com o decorrer do tempo, a qualidade melhora. No caso específico, a subnotificação diminui. Terceiro, a declaração de óbito está longe de ser instrumento adequado a verificar erros na atenção médica.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;Ou seja, não dá concluir nada, exceto que erros são mais comunicados agora do que antes, mas talvez em número menor.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/32597052-8797893265777550050?l=paulolotufo.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://paulolotufo.blogspot.com/feeds/8797893265777550050/comments/default' title='Postar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=32597052&amp;postID=8797893265777550050' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/32597052/posts/default/8797893265777550050'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/32597052/posts/default/8797893265777550050'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://paulolotufo.blogspot.com/2008/11/morte-por-falhas-dispara-no-sus-ou.html' title='Morte por falhas dispara no SUS ou Falhas disparam na imprensa?'/><author><name>Paulo A. Lotufo</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/00246144050660663066</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-32597052.post-8691245988075633504</id><published>2008-11-14T10:19:00.002-02:00</published><updated>2008-11-14T10:28:45.857-02:00</updated><title type='text'>A queda dos homicídios em São Paulo</title><content type='html'>&lt;a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_RxyqpEvyd6k/SR1tE1GLChI/AAAAAAAAAH4/-Hd_CURI04k/s1600-h/mapasviolencia.jpg"&gt;&lt;img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5268487068833221138" style="FLOAT: left; MARGIN: 0px 10px 10px 0px; WIDTH: 312px; CURSOR: hand; HEIGHT: 400px" alt="" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_RxyqpEvyd6k/SR1tE1GLChI/AAAAAAAAAH4/-Hd_CURI04k/s400/mapasviolencia.jpg" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;p align="justify"&gt;Na revista &lt;strong&gt;Espaço Aberto&lt;/strong&gt; da USP há uma reportagem que sintetiza pesquisa da Secretaria Municipal de Planejamento de São Paulo sobre a queda das taxas de homicídio na cidade publicada no livro &lt;strong&gt;Olhar São Paulo - Violêncai e Criminalidade.&lt;/strong&gt;  A tendência é semelhante à ocorrida no restante do estado. O dado importante e, relativamente previsível é que a distribuição espacial continua ainda sendo diferenciada na cidade.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align="justify"&gt;A reportagem completa pode ser lida clicando &lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.usp.br/espacoaberto/0comportamentoa.htm"&gt;aqui&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;.O livro Olhar São Paulo – Violência e Criminalidade, já está disponível para a população no &lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href="http://sempla.prefeitura.sp.gov.br/"&gt;site da Sempla&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; . As estatísticas da Secretaria de Estado da Segurança Pública podem ser conferidas &lt;a href="http://www.ssp.sp.gov.br/estatisticas/trimestrais.aspx" target="_blank"&gt;aqui&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/32597052-8691245988075633504?l=paulolotufo.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://paulolotufo.blogspot.com/feeds/8691245988075633504/comments/default' title='Postar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=32597052&amp;postID=8691245988075633504' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/32597052/posts/default/8691245988075633504'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/32597052/posts/default/8691245988075633504'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://paulolotufo.blogspot.com/2008/11/queda-dos-homicdios-em-so-paulo.html' title='A queda dos homicídios em São Paulo'/><author><name>Paulo A. Lotufo</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/00246144050660663066</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_RxyqpEvyd6k/SR1tE1GLChI/AAAAAAAAAH4/-Hd_CURI04k/s72-c/mapasviolencia.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-32597052.post-4413589982982402448</id><published>2008-11-13T03:53:00.002-02:00</published><updated>2008-11-13T04:02:32.337-02:00</updated><title type='text'>Aids em mais escolarizados</title><content type='html'>&lt;div align="justify"&gt;Esse blogue não faz parte dos &lt;em&gt;"midia watchers".&lt;/em&gt; Porém, quando informações totalmente defeituosas são mantidas na imprensa, não há como ficar calado.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;O &lt;strong&gt;Estadão&lt;/strong&gt;, ontem e, a &lt;strong&gt;Folha&lt;/strong&gt;, hoje insistem em repercutir notícia de que "aumenta o número de casos de aids entre mais escolarizados".&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;A leitura do relatado mostra a incapacidade de se trabalhar com conceitos mínimos em epidemiologia. Primeiro equívoco: a informação compara 1997 com 2007, justamente o período onde houve mais aumento de pessoas com escolaridade superior. Segundo equívoco: aumento proporcional não significa risco maior!!!! Simplesmente, pode ter havido queda muito expressiva entre aqueles com escolaridade inferior à universitária.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;Bem, não somente a imprensa precisa ser criticada. Informações como essa precisam primeiro ser publicadas em órgãos com revisão por pares e, somente depois serem divulgadas ao grande público.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/32597052-4413589982982402448?l=paulolotufo.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://paulolotufo.blogspot.com/feeds/4413589982982402448/comments/default' title='Postar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=32597052&amp;postID=4413589982982402448' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/32597052/posts/default/4413589982982402448'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/32597052/posts/default/4413589982982402448'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://paulolotufo.blogspot.com/2008/11/aids-em-mais-escolarizados.html' title='Aids em mais escolarizados'/><author><name>Paulo A. Lotufo</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/00246144050660663066</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-32597052.post-5303001896184335640</id><published>2008-11-12T14:19:00.002-02:00</published><updated>2008-11-12T14:23:34.073-02:00</updated><title type='text'>Entrevista ao ELSA Brasil</title><content type='html'>&lt;div align="justify"&gt;Entrevista na sala de imprensa do site do Estudo Longitudinal de Saúde do Adulto, o ELSA. (&lt;a href="http://www.elsa.org.br/"&gt;http://www.elsa.org.br&lt;/a&gt;)  
&lt;em&gt;   &lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;Dr. Paulo Andrade Lotufo leciona na Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo e é superintendente do Hospital Universitário da instituição. No ELSA Brasil, Lotufo é pesquisador principal e coordenador do Centro de Investigação SP.
   Em entrevista ao site ELSA, o médico, autor de vários estudos epidemiológicos sobre doenças cardiovasculares, debate o andamento deste tipo de pesquisa no Brasil, além de falar sobre as crenças e tratamentos relacionados à atual conjuntura de aumento de doenças crônicas não transmissíveis no país.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;
&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;strong&gt;   ELSA Brasil:&lt;/strong&gt; No Brasil, houve uma transição das principais causas de morte, de doenças infecciosas para as enfermidades crônicas não transmissíveis, em destaque as cardiovasculares. Como o senhor encara as condições do Sistema Único de Saúde para atender a população brasileira dentro desse novo contexto?&lt;/em&gt;   &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Paulo Lotufo:&lt;/strong&gt; A transição epidemiológica em etapas é descrita somente com finalidades didáticas. De fato, o perfil das doenças se modifica no tempo de forma desigual tanto espacial como socialmente. Por exemplo, a mortalidade por doenças infecciosas é suplantada pela cardiovascular no Brasil nos anos 60, mas no Rio de Janeiro e São Paulo isso aconteceu vinte anos antes, em 1940. Mas, mesmo nessas cidades, a transição foi desigual de acordo com os segmentos sociais. Se essa dinâmica da incidência de doenças não é de assimilação fácil por cientistas, para os planejadores de saúde ela é muito mais difícil. De certa forma, o SUS está uma geração em descompasso com a realidade. Exemplifico: somente agora a hipertensão e diabetes foram alvo de uma política efetiva de controle com o co-pagamento de medicamentos nas farmácias. Aliás, um sucesso que o próprio governo federal não divulga e capitaliza a seu favor. Porém, essa proposta de assistência farmacêutica já era defendida pelos pesquisadores da época há mais de 20 anos, sem qualquer eco no Ministério e secretarias da saúde, cujos dirigentes raciocinavam como se o país estivesse nos anos 50. Agora, temos uma pletora imensa de idosos em pronto-socorros com insuficiência cardíaca, doença pulmonar obstrutiva e fraturas de fêmur, por um lado, e redução expressiva das taxas de fecundidade e natalidade, por outro lado. Mas, ainda há iniciativas em criar institutos da criança ou assemelhados pelo país afora.
&lt;em&gt; &lt;strong&gt;  E.B.:&lt;/strong&gt; Estudos epidemiológicos sobre a efetividade de programas e serviços de saúde direcionados à prevenção e ao tratamento de doenças cardiovasculares têm sido desenvolvidos no Brasil?&lt;/em&gt;    &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;P.L.:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;em&gt; Sim, há cada vez mais estudos. A iniciativa do Ministério da Saúde, em conjunto com as Fundações de Amparo a Pesquisa do PPSUS, foi excelente. Aqui em São Paulo, na equipe que desenvolve o ELSA no Hospital Universitário, realizamos dois projetos. Um dos projetos identificou as internações evitáveis, por isso chamado de EVITA, e criou tecnologias de ação na atenção primária a programas de prevenção cardiovascular. Em breve, estaremos oferecendo um curso de especialização em doenças crônicas não-transmissíveis dirigidas inicialmente a médicos para que atuem na promoção de saúde, prevenção primária e secundária, aplicando os conhecimentos desse projeto. O outro projeto, com apoio do CNPq e FAPESP, é o Estudo de Morbidade e Mortalidade do Acidente Vascular Cerebral (EMMA) que estuda incidência, sobrevida e incapacidade com base hospitalar na fase 1, a mortalidade na fase 2 e a prevalência na fase 3. As informações dessa pesquisa orientarão a execução de ações de prevenção, tratamento e reabilitação.
&lt;/em&gt;&lt;strong&gt;   E.B.:&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;em&gt;Existem muitas crenças errôneas em relação às doenças cardiovasculares, entre elas as de que tais males atingem apenas idosos e homens. Como evitar que tais idéias continuem se propagando, inclusive entre os profissionais da área médica?&lt;/em&gt;    &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;P.L.:&lt;/strong&gt; Sim, havia um estereótipo de que o “cardíaco” era um paulista ou carioca investidor da Bolsa de Valores, que habitava a ponte-aérea Rio-SP. Coube à atual geração de epidemiologistas demolir essa bobagem. O risco de morte por acidente vascular cerebral de um habitante da periferia de São Paulo ainda é o dobro do morador de regiões afluentes. Apesar da incidência e prevalência maior entre homens e idosos, as taxas de mortalidade na faixa dos 45-64 anos no Brasil ainda são das maiores quando comparadas à de outros países, principalmente entre as mulheres. 
&lt;em&gt;   E.B.: Ainda que as doenças cardiovasculares sejam a principal causa de morte entre as mulheres, a preocupação com a saúde cardíaca feminina é recente. O que o reconhecimento desse dado implica no atendimento médico da mulher?&lt;/em&gt;
&lt;strong&gt;   P.L.:&lt;/strong&gt; A mulher é vítima da ginecologia, sempre gosto de brincar com o meu colega, Edmundo Baracat, professor de ginecologia aqui na USP. Incrível, mas mesmo setores feministas sempre viram a assim chamada “saúde da mulher” como algo relacionado à genitália e às mamas. Há uma obsessão em relação ao câncer, mas a chance de morte por doença cardiovascular é cinco vezes maior do que morrer por neoplasia de mama. O ELSA será um momento para testar a minha hipótese de que a sobrecarga de trabalho da mulher brasileira traz conseqüências terríveis refletidas na obesidade, tabagismo, hipertensão e diabetes.
  &lt;em&gt;&lt;strong&gt; E.B.:&lt;/strong&gt; Em que estágio se encontra o campo de pesquisas epidemiológicas em doenças cardiovasculares no Brasil?&lt;/em&gt;
&lt;strong&gt;   P.L.:&lt;/strong&gt; Repetimos aqui uma seqüência que outros países já trilharam. Primeiro, os estudos de mortalidade pela simplicidade e baixo custo; depois, os inquéritos populacionais, caros e com muitos dados, mas com potencial baixo em comprovar hipóteses; agora, estamos com o ELSA avançando nos estudos observacionais. O próximo salto para 2012 será um ensaio clínico de grande envergadura. Aqui, em São Paulo, além das “mulheres ELSA, EMMA, EVITA”, temos também o projeto Avaliação do Grau de Aterosclerose em Adultos e Adolescentes, o AGATAA, que tem como objetivo avaliar populações específicas para verificar o grau de aterosclerose. O primeiro estudo está sendo realizado em pacientes HIV positivo em uso ou não de terapia antiretroviral. Um grande equívoco é insistir em estudos de prevalência, quando coortes ou ensaios clínicos trazem muito mais respostas às nossas indagações.    
&lt;strong&gt;   E.B&lt;/strong&gt;.:&lt;em&gt; E o que representa o ELSA neste cenário?&lt;/em&gt;
&lt;strong&gt;   P.L.:&lt;/strong&gt; Não sou modesto. O ELSA é um sucesso porque conseguiu colocar as doenças cardiovasculares e o diabetes na agenda da pesquisa epidemiológica brasileira. Ele é incrivelmente complexo, com muitas variáveis em estudo e, muitos desfechos a serem conferidos no tempo. Afirmei na inauguração do ELSA em São Paulo que se trata de projeto que visa a próxima geração, não a próxima eleição. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/32597052-5303001896184335640?l=paulolotufo.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://paulolotufo.blogspot.com/feeds/5303001896184335640/comments/default' title='Postar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=32597052&amp;postID=5303001896184335640' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/32597052/posts/default/5303001896184335640'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/32597052/posts/default/5303001896184335640'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://paulolotufo.blogspot.com/2008/11/entrevista-ao-elsa-brasil.html' title='Entrevista ao ELSA Brasil'/><author><name>Paulo A. Lotufo</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/00246144050660663066</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-32597052.post-9196675949614785427</id><published>2008-11-11T08:35:00.003-02:00</published><updated>2008-11-11T11:33:16.163-02:00</updated><title type='text'>Angola e o Brasil</title><content type='html'>&lt;div align="justify"&gt;Na semana anterior estive em Luanda, &lt;a href="http://www.angola.gov.ao/"&gt;Angola&lt;/a&gt;, a convite da &lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.multiperfil.co.ao/"&gt;Clínica Multiperfil&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; para apresentar junto com a professora Isabela Benseñor palestras sobre doenças cardiovasculares, em particular hipertensão arterial. Participaram também colegas da Medicina USP, David Uip, Dario Birolini e Marcos Boulos. O tempo foi curto lá, mas o suficiente para consolidar a idéia que será impossível ao Brasil desconhecer Angola. Empresas da construção civil já sabem disso, a Globo e Record dominam a televisão. Agora, caberá ao setor de educação e saúde colaborar na reconstrução do país. Vejam só: o governo angolano aprovou 150 bolsas de graduação em Cuba. Ora, a USP, UNIFESP, UNICAMP e UNESP podem fornecer vagas mais do que suficientes, somente em São Paulo, para suprir demandas e, também formar a elite científica daquele país.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/32597052-9196675949614785427?l=paulolotufo.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://paulolotufo.blogspot.com/feeds/9196675949614785427/comments/default' title='Postar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=32597052&amp;postID=9196675949614785427' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/32597052/posts/default/9196675949614785427'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/32597052/posts/default/9196675949614785427'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://paulolotufo.blogspot.com/2008/11/angola-e-o-brasil.html' title='Angola e o Brasil'/><author><name>Paulo A. Lotufo</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/00246144050660663066</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-32597052.post-7079550620591321589</id><published>2008-11-11T08:24:00.002-02:00</published><updated>2008-11-11T08:35:25.178-02:00</updated><title type='text'>Júpiter abala a Terra</title><content type='html'>&lt;div align="justify"&gt;Na reunião anual da &lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href="http://scientificsessions.americanheart.org/portal/scientificsessions/ss/"&gt;American Heart Association&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; que se realiza em Nova Orleans foi apresentado o &lt;strong&gt;JUPITER&lt;/strong&gt;. Ensaio clínico que mostrou que uso de estatina reduz a incidência de infartos do miocárdio, acidente vascular cerebral, internação por angina instável e morte cardiovascular em indivíduos com colesterol normal, mas com valores elevados da proteína C reativa. Há muito a discutir. Importante que o professor Francisco Fonseca da UNIFESP participou do estudo e, quando ele voltar dos Estados Unidos será entrevistado pelo blogue. Aguardem. O texto completo pode ser acessado no site do &lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.nejm.org/"&gt;The New England Journal of Medicine&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;. O autor do texto é Paulo Ridker com  quem trabalhei em Boston e, a segunda autora Eleanor Danielson é a mais fantástica organizadora de pesquisas que conheci. Interessante que administradores não recebiam autoria, agora, merecidamente Ellie está na lista.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/32597052-7079550620591321589?l=paulolotufo.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://paulolotufo.blogspot.com/feeds/7079550620591321589/comments/default' title='Postar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=32597052&amp;postID=7079550620591321589' title='1 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/32597052/posts/default/7079550620591321589'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/32597052/posts/default/7079550620591321589'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://paulolotufo.blogspot.com/2008/11/jpiter-abala-terra.html' title='Júpiter abala a Terra'/><author><name>Paulo A. Lotufo</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/00246144050660663066</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>1</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-32597052.post-5266171968246636792</id><published>2008-11-03T10:35:00.003-02:00</published><updated>2008-11-03T10:43:25.809-02:00</updated><title type='text'>Momento de lucidez vindo de Boston: "menas" concorrência em áreas vitais</title><content type='html'>&lt;div align="justify"&gt;Reproduzo, post do &lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;a href="http://runningahospital.blogspot.com/"&gt;Running a Hospital&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;, do diretor do &lt;strong&gt;Brigham and Women´s Hospital&lt;/strong&gt;, afiliado à &lt;strong&gt;Harvard Medical School&lt;/strong&gt;. Ele critica a competividade excessiva entre hospitais, principalmente no transplante de órgãos sólidos. O quadro apresentado em Boston, nada difere do existente em São Paulo, onde há excesso de equipes e, resultados que ficam aquém do da qualificação médica existente. Isso porque os resultados dependem de um número grande de fatores que necessitam ser rigidamente padronizados.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;a href="http://runningahospital.blogspot.com/2008/10/downside-of-competition.html"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;&lt;em&gt;The downside of competition&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;&lt;em&gt;
A funny moment the other day.The CEOs of the larger Harvard hospitals founds ourselves in several meetings over the course of consecutive days, working together on areas of common concern -- clinical research, supporting greater diversity on our staff and faculty, and stimulating enhancements between engineering and medical care. These were great sessions, with a clear commonality of interest and purpose, characterized by healthy give-and-take in friendly and helpful discussions, and good progress. After the last of these sessions, one of my colleagues turned to the rest and said, "Okay, enough collaboration for today. Let's go back to competing."He was joking, of course, and we had a good laugh; but, as I have &lt;/em&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://runningahospital.blogspot.com/2007/01/harvard-medical-system.html"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;&lt;em&gt;noted before&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;&lt;em&gt;, this is in fact the nature of the relationship. It has its advantages and disadvantages.I think the major disadvantage is that the competition in the clinical arena is so intense that we end up duplicating services that could be consolidated or otherwise rationalized. (In saying this, by the way, I also mean to reference the duplication that also occurs when we include the non-Harvard hospitals in Boston.) I have talked about this before, focusing on the area of &lt;/em&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://runningahospital.blogspot.com/2007/02/here-are-transplant-numbers-for-new.html"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;&lt;em&gt;solid organ transplants&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;&lt;em&gt;. If there are fewer than say, 400, adult liver, kidney, and pancreas transplants in all of Eastern Massachusetts per year, does it make sense to spread them out among six or seven hospitals located within 15 miles of one another?Each hospital has to make major investments in staff and equipment to carry out a proper transplant program, and the current organization makes economies of scale impossible. It also means that each program is unlikely to be highly profitable -- or perhaps profitable at all -- because it lacks sufficient volume to spread the fixed costs across a large enough patient base.And yet we persist in this fashion, responsive to the demands and wishes of our physicians and because we have a mindset that we cannot be a "real" hospital unless we offer this service to the public.As &lt;strong&gt;I have said in &lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://massmed.typepad.com/mms_podcasts/"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;strong&gt;recent forums&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;strong&gt; and elsewhere, we need to be protected from ourselves in this regard, either by the insurance companies or the state government. Thus far, though, they have been too timid to act. The public ends up paying the price for this inefficiency.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/32597052-5266171968246636792?l=paulolotufo.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://paulolotufo.blogspot.com/feeds/5266171968246636792/comments/default' title='Postar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=32597052&amp;postID=5266171968246636792' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/32597052/posts/default/5266171968246636792'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/32597052/posts/default/5266171968246636792'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://paulolotufo.blogspot.com/2008/11/momento-de-lucidez-vindo-de-boston.html' title='Momento de lucidez vindo de Boston: &quot;menas&quot; concorrência em áreas vitais'/><author><name>Paulo A. Lotufo</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/00246144050660663066</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-32597052.post-7913149353717335762</id><published>2008-11-02T17:50:00.003-02:00</published><updated>2008-11-02T18:06:02.677-02:00</updated><title type='text'>Bendita crise econômica: a Big Pharma fora da jogatina</title><content type='html'>&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_RxyqpEvyd6k/SQ4Ev0v0toI/AAAAAAAAAHw/pwxQNmIhMcg/s1600-h/veja+remedios.jpg"&gt;&lt;img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5264150234102281858" style="FLOAT: left; MARGIN: 0px 10px 10px 0px; WIDTH: 310px; CURSOR: hand; HEIGHT: 400px" alt="" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_RxyqpEvyd6k/SQ4Ev0v0toI/AAAAAAAAAHw/pwxQNmIhMcg/s400/veja+remedios.jpg" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt; Não sou crítico de mídia. Mas, faltou uma análise mais econômica para explicar o que existe de errado com os remédios. Respondo, nada há de errados com os remédios. O que está errado é a Big Pharma. Mas, quem na Big Pharma? Pesquisa &amp;amp; Desenvolvimento? não! Departamento Médico? não!  Departamento de Marketing? não! CEOs? em parte. A resposta é banal e um lugar comum: o capitalismo "selvagem".  As indústrias farmacêuticas foram transformadas junto com o setor de informática em um dos mais lucrativos setores para o capital especulativo em bolsas de valores. Utilizando informações fajutas divulgadas em órgãos de imprensa confiáveis, o ganho com ações foi fantástico. De quebra, arrrebente com o FDA e, crie a expectativa da vida eterna. Pronto, a fórmula para o lucro está definida com ganhos astronômicos na Bolsas de Valores.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;A principal diretriz foi de que todo medicamento novo, patenteado, é bom para todo mundo, sempre, sem qualquer limitação de uso. Com isso,  remédios muito úteis foram "queimados". Exemplo: inibidores da Cox-2, excelentes para uso por poucos dias. Mas, forçaram a barra para uso crônico. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;Agora, espera-se que quem entende de remédios comande a estratégia de lançamentos de medicamentos na Big Pharma. Porém, a realidade é que  CEOs que ganharam bônus incríveis com a valorização das ações continuam morando bem nos subúrbios americanos ou nas vilas européias. Mas,  pesquisadores e médicos corretos  que trabalham na Big Pharma ao redor do mundo, correm o risco de desemprego.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/32597052-7913149353717335762?l=paulolotufo.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://paulolotufo.blogspot.com/feeds/7913149353717335762/comments/default' title='Postar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=32597052&amp;postID=7913149353717335762' title='1 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/32597052/posts/default/7913149353717335762'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/32597052/posts/default/7913149353717335762'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://paulolotufo.blogspot.com/2008/11/bendita-crise-econmica-big-pharma-fora.html' title='Bendita crise econômica: a Big Pharma fora da jogatina'/><author><name>Paulo A. Lotufo</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/00246144050660663066</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_RxyqpEvyd6k/SQ4Ev0v0toI/AAAAAAAAAHw/pwxQNmIhMcg/s72-c/veja+remedios.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>1</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-32597052.post-3840518639407259377</id><published>2008-11-02T17:43:00.002-02:00</published><updated>2008-11-02T17:49:18.280-02:00</updated><title type='text'>o caso Acomplia: estava escrito nas estrelas</title><content type='html'>&lt;div align="justify"&gt;Na úlltima semana estive com vários pesquisadores que chegaram a trabalhar com o rimonabant (Acomplia). Vários deles trabalham na indústria farmacêutica. A dúvida, não era sobre a retirada do Acomplia do mercado, mas sim porque foi comercializado.Atitudes vindas de cima para baixo na Big Pharma, sem ouvir os departamentos médicos e científicos terminam dessa forma.
Leia mais, notícias de ontem nesse blogue sobre o &lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href="http://paulolotufo.blogspot.com/search?q=acomplia"&gt;Acomplia&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/32597052-3840518639407259377?l=paulolotufo.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://paulolotufo.blogspot.com/feeds/3840518639407259377/comments/default' title='Postar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=32597052&amp;postID=3840518639407259377' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/32597052/posts/default/3840518639407259377'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/32597052/posts/default/3840518639407259377'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://paulolotufo.blogspot.com/2008/11/o-caso-acomplia-estava-escrito-nas.html' title='o caso Acomplia: estava escrito nas estrelas'/><author><name>Paulo A. Lotufo</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/00246144050660663066</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-32597052.post-4319635615831950213</id><published>2008-09-30T16:17:00.003-03:00</published><updated>2008-09-30T21:35:30.327-03:00</updated><title type='text'>Outubro com tudo: blogue em recesso (ou o Red and Green October)</title><content type='html'>&lt;div align="justify"&gt;Amigos: como todos sabem, um blogue não fecha, está sempre aberto. Nesse mês de outubro permanecerá em estado de latência, quase sem sinal de vida. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;Motivo: o excesso de compromissos acadêmicos e administrativos assumidos que se acumularam quase todos nesse mês. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;Nos anos 70, outubro era mês complicado na Faculdade de Medicina: eleições sempre disputadas no CAOC, Mac-Med e Show Medicina. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;Agora, décadas depois, a vida continua apertada nesse mês.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;Sem contar, claro que o Boston Red Sox estará defendendo seu título e, o Palmeiras caminha para o pentacampeonato. Ambos, o vermelhão e o verdão me obrigarão a plantões televisivos intensos.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/32597052-4319635615831950213?l=paulolotufo.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://paulolotufo.blogspot.com/feeds/4319635615831950213/comments/default' title='Postar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=32597052&amp;postID=4319635615831950213' title='1 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/32597052/posts/default/4319635615831950213'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/32597052/posts/default/4319635615831950213'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://paulolotufo.blogspot.com/2008/09/outubro-com-tudo-blogue-em-recesso-ou-o.html' title='Outubro com tudo: blogue em recesso (ou o Red and Green October)'/><author><name>Paulo A. Lotufo</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/00246144050660663066</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>1</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-32597052.post-2793962153650958973</id><published>2008-09-26T14:00:00.004-03:00</published><updated>2008-09-26T14:08:26.781-03:00</updated><title type='text'>Transfat: o novo alvo</title><content type='html'>&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_RxyqpEvyd6k/SN0WjAf7PUI/AAAAAAAAAGA/wrP1KNBNzIA/s1600-h/trans_fat.jpg"&gt;&lt;img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5250377531269004610" style="FLOAT: left; MARGIN: 0px 10px 10px 0px; CURSOR: hand" alt="" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_RxyqpEvyd6k/SN0WjAf7PUI/AAAAAAAAAGA/wrP1KNBNzIA/s400/trans_fat.jpg" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt; Walter Willett esteve essa semana em São Paulo e Porto Alegre. Ele é um dos assim chamados "figurões" da ciência mais acessíveis e de fácil trato. Publiquei em 2004, um trabalho em conjunto com ele. Agora, ele (na esquerda da foto) começa a campanha pra banir os alimentos com gordura trans.
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;Nutrition Chair Willett Joins Mayor Menino in Reminding Bostonians of &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Start of Trans Fat Ban&lt;/strong&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.hsph.harvard.edu/faculty/walter-willett"&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;Walter Willett&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;, chair of the HSPH Department of Nutrition, joined Mayor Thomas Menino at a press conference on Friday, September 12, to remind residents that Boston’s ban on artificial trans fat would begin officially the next day. The press conference was held at local Mission Hill bistro The Savant Project, which stopped using trans fat three months ago.
According to a press release from the Boston Public Health Commission, Boston is the first city in Massachusetts to implement a ban on trans fats. Brookline has passed a similar ban, but it will not go into effect until later this year. Approximately 5,600 restaurants and other food service establishments in the city must start eliminating partially hydrogenated oil from food or beverages. Businesses that violate the ban will receive a citation and fine ranging from $100 to $1,000.  Trans fatty acids, or trans fats, raise the level of bad (LDL) cholesterol in the body and lower the good (HDL) cholesterol. Consuming trans fat can increase one’s risk of developing heart disease and stroke. It can also put people at higher risk of developing Type 2 diabetes.  Willett has been a leading voice in encouraging the removal of trans fats from foods. His research has helped contribute to the public's understanding of the health detriments of consuming the substance and to federal regulations requiring it be listed on food labels. The Public Health Commission board approved the trans fat ban in March and is implementing it in two phases. As of September 13, food service establishments may no longer use oils, shortenings, and margarines containing partially hydrogenated vegetable oil for frying, sautéing, grilling, or as a spread. Six months later, the ban will apply to baked goods, mixes, partially fried items, and all other foods containing artificial trans fat. The ban affects all food service establishments that are required to hold a permit from Boston’s Inspectional Services Department. These include restaurants, grocery stores, delis, cafeterias in schools and businesses, caterers, senior-center meal programs, children’s institutions, mobile food-vending units and commissaries that supply them, bakeries, park concessions, street-fair food booths, and other establishments. The ban does not apply to food or beverages served in the manufacturer’s original sealed package, such as a package of cookies or a bag of potato chips. It also does not apply to food or beverage items that contain less than 0.5 grams of trans fat per serving.
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/32597052-2793962153650958973?l=paulolotufo.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://paulolotufo.blogspot.com/feeds/2793962153650958973/comments/default' title='Postar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=32597052&amp;postID=2793962153650958973' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/32597052/posts/default/2793962153650958973'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/32597052/posts/default/2793962153650958973'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://paulolotufo.blogspot.com/2008/09/transfat-o-novo-alvo.html' title='Transfat: o novo alvo'/><author><name>Paulo A. Lotufo</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/00246144050660663066</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_RxyqpEvyd6k/SN0WjAf7PUI/AAAAAAAAAGA/wrP1KNBNzIA/s72-c/trans_fat.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-32597052.post-1269177456065401916</id><published>2008-09-25T20:05:00.003-03:00</published><updated>2008-09-26T14:09:16.715-03:00</updated><title type='text'>dicas dos amigos (1): Gapminder</title><content type='html'>&lt;a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_RxyqpEvyd6k/SNwZrZ8HmaI/AAAAAAAAAFw/8iRiyYwmsZs/s1600-h/aidsChart_BIG.gif"&gt;&lt;img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5250099499095267746" style="FLOAT: left; MARGIN: 0px 10px 10px 0px; WIDTH: 504px; CURSOR: hand; HEIGHT: 273px" height="280" alt="" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_RxyqpEvyd6k/SNwZrZ8HmaI/AAAAAAAAAFw/8iRiyYwmsZs/s400/aidsChart_BIG.gif" width="486" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt; Dica de Vitor Kawabata. O site é o Gapminder.
&lt;a href="http://www.gapminder.com/"&gt;http://www.gapminder.com/&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;div align="justify"&gt;Consegue atrapalhar um pouca a vida de demógrafos e epidemiologistas, não porque traz pronto uma sériede informações, mas porque permite cruzá-las. Vejam ao lado a relação entre infecção pelo HIV e renda per capital: façam o triângulo Brasil, África do Sul e Estados Unidos e, comparem a capacidade de manusear a epidemia de cada um dos três países.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;Bem, o &lt;strong&gt;GapMinder&lt;/strong&gt; é muito interessante. Aguardo comentários dos meus amigos demógrafos plugados na rede do Taquinho. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/32597052-1269177456065401916?l=paulolotufo.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://paulolotufo.blogspot.com/feeds/1269177456065401916/comments/default' title='Postar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=32597052&amp;postID=1269177456065401916' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/32597052/posts/default/1269177456065401916'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/32597052/posts/default/1269177456065401916'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://paulolotufo.blogspot.com/2008/09/dicas-dos-amigos-1-gapminder.html' title='dicas dos amigos (1): Gapminder'/><author><name>Paulo A. Lotufo</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/00246144050660663066</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_RxyqpEvyd6k/SNwZrZ8HmaI/AAAAAAAAAFw/8iRiyYwmsZs/s72-c/aidsChart_BIG.gif' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-32597052.post-4601653759304534479</id><published>2008-09-24T11:34:00.006-03:00</published><updated>2008-09-24T11:43:26.304-03:00</updated><title type='text'>Um cordão sanitário ao redor da China não será nada mal.</title><content type='html'>&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_RxyqpEvyd6k/SNpQRI15WhI/AAAAAAAAAFo/u8B-zK_DMd0/s1600-h/milk.jpg"&gt;&lt;img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5249596571015272978" style="FLOAT: left; MARGIN: 0px 10px 10px 0px; CURSOR: hand" height="288" alt="" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_RxyqpEvyd6k/SNpQRI15WhI/AAAAAAAAAFo/u8B-zK_DMd0/s400/milk.jpg" width="482" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt; Brinquedos, rações de animais, heparina e agora o leite. Alguém precisa contabilizar o fator chinês na redução de seres humanos e animais somente no último ano. Como a Organização Mundial do Comércio não fará nada para conter a China, e a Organização Mundial da Saúde é dirigida por uma chinesa, resta aos governos de países democráticos e que defendem a saúde dos seus cidadãos tomar a atitude necessária para evitar mais danos. Abaixo, reproduzo a situação na África, descrito em despacho da agência Reuters, onde mostra o comércio entre países africanos e China.
&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;DAKAR (Reuters) - Bans on imports of Chinese milk products by African states fearing contamination have highlighted the growing presence of Chinese goods in Africa's markets and raised worries over depending on them too heavily.
From Ivory Coast in the west to Tanzania in the east, governments have joined the list of countries blocking Chinese milk imports over concerns they could be contaminated with deadly melamine.
&lt;strong&gt;Since the start of the decade, African leaders have been keen to strike often controversial deals with China which guarantee supply of oil or metals from Africa in return for billions of dollars in loans and infrastructure projects. These deals have opened the door to imports of cheap Chinese goods, including food, which African consumers have come to rely on as they struggle with high prices. Chinese exports to Africa rose 40 percent to $23 billion year-on-year in the first half of 2008.
&lt;/strong&gt;Chinese powdered milk laced with industrial chemical melamine has been blamed for causing four deaths in China so far and making thousands more ill.
The health scare means African authorities and shoppers are now also worried about what's in Chinese dairy products. Togo became the latest African country to ban them on Wednesday. Burundi, Gabon and Ghana also have bans.
"Chinese products are all over the place and the prices are very attractive, so we must be careful," said Maame Abdallah, a grandmother in Ghana's capital Accra.
"Chinese milks are the most affordable and they help a lot," said Ghanaian mother Jane Morkeh. "There are a lot of others in the market, but I use the new ones, including those made in China, because I can afford to buy in bulk," she added.
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/32597052-4601653759304534479?l=paulolotufo.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://paulolotufo.blogspot.com/feeds/4601653759304534479/comments/default' title='Postar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=32597052&amp;postID=4601653759304534479' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/32597052/posts/default/4601653759304534479'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/32597052/posts/default/4601653759304534479'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://paulolotufo.blogspot.com/2008/09/um-cordo-sanitrio-ao-redor-da-china-no.html' title='Um cordão sanitário ao redor da China não será nada mal.'/><author><name>Paulo A. Lotufo</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/00246144050660663066</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_RxyqpEvyd6k/SNpQRI15WhI/AAAAAAAAAFo/u8B-zK_DMd0/s72-c/milk.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-32597052.post-7100161577689955352</id><published>2008-09-23T07:41:00.004-03:00</published><updated>2008-09-24T11:44:58.085-03:00</updated><title type='text'>A necessidade de ambientes livres do cigarro</title><content type='html'>&lt;div align="justify"&gt;Mais uma informação sobre tabagismo passivo. Agora, um estudo chines publicado em &lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href="http://circ.ahajournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/CIRCULATIONAHA.108.784801v1?papetoc"&gt;Circulation&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; revela que mulheres que nunca fumaram, mas que moram ou trabalham em ambientes com fumantes, tiveram risco maior em 60% de doença cerebrovascular, 70% de doença coronariana e em 80% em doença cerebrovascular. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Passive Smoking and Risk of Peripheral Arterial Disease and Ischemic Stroke in Chinese Women Who Never Smoked&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style="font-size:78%;"&gt;Yao He MD, PhD*, Tai Hing Lam MD, Bin Jiang MD, PhD, Jie Wang MD, PhD, Xiaoyong Sai MD, PhD, Li Fan MD, Xiaoying Li MD, Yinhe Qin MD, and Frank B. Hu MD, PhD*
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;Background—The association between secondhand smoke (SHS) and risk of peripheral arterial disease (PAD) and stroke remains uncertain.
Methods and Results—We examined the relationship between SHS and cardiovascular diseases, particularly PAD and stroke, in Chinese women who never smoked from a population-based cross-sectional study in Beijing, China. SHS exposure was defined as exposure to another person's tobacco smoke at home or in the workplace. Cardiovascular disease events included coronary heart disease, stroke, and PAD. PAD was defined by signs of intermittent claudication as measured by the World Health Organization Rose questionnaire and an ankle-brachial index of &lt;0.90.&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/32597052-7100161577689955352?l=paulolotufo.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://paulolotufo.blogspot.com/feeds/7100161577689955352/comments/default' title='Postar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=32597052&amp;postID=7100161577689955352' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/32597052/posts/default/7100161577689955352'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/32597052/posts/default/7100161577689955352'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://paulolotufo.blogspot.com/2008/09/necessidade-de-ambientes-livres-do.html' title='A necessidade de ambientes livres do cigarro'/><author><name>Paulo A. Lotufo</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/00246144050660663066</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-32597052.post-4106242236338863072</id><published>2008-09-22T08:06:00.005-03:00</published><updated>2008-09-22T17:40:21.806-03:00</updated><title type='text'>ELSA lançado e, uma nova proposta</title><content type='html'>&lt;div align="justify"&gt;Estou no Congresso Internacional de Epidemiologia em Porto Alegre.
Participei de uma atividade sobre o &lt;strong&gt;Estudo Longitudinal de Saúde do Adulto&lt;/strong&gt;, onde juntamente com Isabela Bensenor comparamos o maior estudo brasileiro em epidemiologia cardiovascular e do diabetes com o &lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;Study of Latinos&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;, apresentado por Gerardo Heiss, da Universidade da Carolina do Norte.  O ELSA foi lançado oficialmente pelo Ministério da Saúde, ontem . &lt;a href="http://www,saude.gov.br/"&gt;(clique aqui)
&lt;/a&gt;
Ontem, assisti a um mesa-redonda com os ministros da saúde da Comunidade de Países de Língua Portuguesa. Estavam presentes Cabo Verde, Guiné-Bissau, Moçambique, Timor Leste, Portugal e Brasil.  Da platéia, apresentei a proposta de estudo multinacional verificando a particular situação da hipertensão arterial e da doença cerebrovascular. O Ministro Temporão elogiou a proposta e, a levará à nova reunião dos ministros da saúde.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/32597052-4106242236338863072?l=paulolotufo.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://paulolotufo.blogspot.com/feeds/4106242236338863072/comments/default' title='Postar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=32597052&amp;postID=4106242236338863072' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/32597052/posts/default/4106242236338863072'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/32597052/posts/default/4106242236338863072'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://paulolotufo.blogspot.com/2008/09/elsa-lanado-e-uma-nova-proposta.html' title='ELSA lançado e, uma nova proposta'/><author><name>Paulo A. Lotufo</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/00246144050660663066</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-32597052.post-8945294448209498061</id><published>2008-09-18T14:04:00.003-03:00</published><updated>2008-09-18T14:29:56.559-03:00</updated><title type='text'>Dirigindo um hospital: um blogue diferente</title><content type='html'>&lt;div align="justify"&gt;Abaixo, reproduzo um dos posts do blogue &lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;a href="http://runningahospital.blogspot.com/"&gt;Running a Hospital&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;, de Paul Levy, diretor do &lt;strong&gt;Beth&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;strong&gt;Israel and Deaconnes Medical Center&lt;/strong&gt;, localizado em Boston. O texto copiado traz uma mensagem interessante relacionado ao sistema de faturamento. Mas, o mais interessante é o próprio blog.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;O autor não poupa os próprios subordinados exigindo decisões mais incisas e rápidas.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;em&gt;Wednesday, September 17, 2008
&lt;/em&gt;&lt;a href="http://runningahospital.blogspot.com/2008/09/some-ads-i-get.html"&gt;&lt;em&gt;Some ads I get&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;em&gt;
Notwithstanding our excellent &lt;/em&gt;&lt;a href="http://geekdoctor.blogspot.com/2007/11/war-against-spam.html"&gt;&lt;em&gt;spam control program&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;em&gt;, I get tons of broadcast emails sent to me as CEO of a hospital, selling all kinds of services -- but especially services related to coding patient treatments to get the highest payment from insurers and Medicare. I suppose this is just a sign of the times and indicative of the structure of the health care industry.I confess that I do not understand many of these ads. I'm not saying that I don't understand why I get them. I am saying that I literally don't understand most of the terminology. Here are some excerpts from a small sample of those I received yesterday. I guess the one I really need is the last one listed . . .&lt;/em&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/32597052-8945294448209498061?l=paulolotufo.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://paulolotufo.blogspot.com/feeds/8945294448209498061/comments/default' title='Postar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=32597052&amp;postID=8945294448209498061' title='1 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/32597052/posts/default/8945294448209498061'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/32597052/posts/default/8945294448209498061'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://paulolotufo.blogspot.com/2008/09/dirigindo-um-hospital-um-blogue.html' title='Dirigindo um hospital: um blogue diferente'/><author><name>Paulo A. Lotufo</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/00246144050660663066</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>1</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-32597052.post-8150519435558302383</id><published>2008-09-17T19:13:00.000-03:00</published><updated>2008-09-17T19:16:06.489-03:00</updated><title type='text'>Um relato no WSJ para entender a medicina defensiva</title><content type='html'>&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;em&gt;My nurse practitioner came to me with the case of a 40-year-old patient complaining about aches and pains from an auto accident.
Just three days before, he had been released by the trauma center with instructions to see his family doctor. That turned out to be me.
He was new to my practice. What impressed my nurse practitioner more than his injuries was the way he knocked the doctors and the hospital where he had been treated.
Everything he said seemed negative, with a particularly hostile edge. "I wonder what he's going to say about us," my nurse practitioner said. So did I.
An exam of the patient revealed some general soreness and a little extra tenderness in the abdomen. I ordered a CT scan.
I wasn't all that worried about internal injuries. Still, the small chance of missing something on a dissatisfied patient was too big a risk for my professional comfort. His scan came back normal, as I expected. But doctors learn early to play defense.
I've never been sued, but I've seen doctors accused of malpractice when there is a bad outcome, regardless of whether they seemed to have done anything wrong.
There is an expectation after a patient does badly that the doctor should have ordered another test or done something else. But sometimes things go wrong no matter what you do -- or don't do.
&lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Defensive medicine is part of the cost of doing business, and also, unfortunately, a large part of the unnecessary expense of health care. In my experience, I'd estimate it accounts for 10% of the waste. Some days I think that's probably conservative.
&lt;/strong&gt;Unlike defensive driving where slowing down and being less aggressive saves lives, defensive medicine means doing more tests, ordering more consults from specialists and exposing patients to the risks of radiation, invasive tests and treatments.
&lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;strong&gt;It transcends being cautious or careful for the patient's sake. It has everything to due with protecting the practice from the legal system. I try not to order expensive or risky tests to chase down minor lab or X-ray findings.
&lt;/strong&gt;Some physicians feel compelled to do this. One thing that we doctors hate almost as much as a faulty diagnosis is winding up in court to defend our decisions. Once a doctor has had his judgment questioned in a lawsuit, his documentation and test ordering will never be the same. A typical line of legal attack is that you didn't order a test or refer a patient to a specialist fast enough.
&lt;strong&gt;A general surgical colleague used to handle elderly patients with higher medical risks. He was good at his job and never turned anyone away for lack of insurance. After being sued, he transferred many patients with problems he used to take care of himself to bigger hospitals for care. The change was expensive, adding ambulance or helicopter costs, and it delayed some surgeries&lt;/strong&gt;.
Another sign of the times can be found in patient files, which have become more suited to legal defense than medical communication. The modern medical chart often contains reams of normal data kept to satisfy auditors and show that doctors are comprehensive in taking a history and performing an exam. To ward off critics, we put in comments like, "The patient denies other complaints."
Electronic medical records provide even more opportunities to pack in boilerplate entries. The notes from specialists about my patients are now four to five pages long, and I have to search for the nugget of useful information and advice, usually toward the end.
Patients are defensive, too. They look up their symptoms on the Internet and then insist on testing and consultations for symptoms that can be safely observed and frequently go away on their own.
What can we do? Building better relationships between doctors and patients would help, though that's a tall order given the brief visits that have become the norm.
If you are going into the hospital, think about leaving your most confrontational family member at home. When the family questions every detail of care to the Nth degree, you're going to get more testing, more specialists poking you and more cost. If that type of evaluation and treatment is what you are after, most doctors will oblige. Just make sure to factor in the extra doses of radiation from scans, the extra medication you might be allergic to, and the extra procedures the specialist is likely to recommend.
Speak up if you suspect a test is just being ordered to cover the doctor's derriere. The defensive among us will document your informed refusal and our estimation that your lack of compliance might hurt you. The rest of us would probably agree with you.
Due to his schedule and the volume of email he receives, Dr. Brewer may not be able to respond to all reader email. He does participate in his forum, where readers are urged to post. His email address is &lt;/em&gt;&lt;a class="" href="mailto:thedoctorsoffice@wsj.com"&gt;&lt;em&gt;thedoctorsoffice@wsj.com&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;em&gt;.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/32597052-8150519435558302383?l=paulolotufo.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://paulolotufo.blogspot.com/feeds/8150519435558302383/comments/default' title='Postar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=32597052&amp;postID=8150519435558302383' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/32597052/posts/default/8150519435558302383'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/32597052/posts/default/8150519435558302383'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://paulolotufo.blogspot.com/2008/09/um-relato-no-wsj-para-entender-medicina.html' title='Um relato no WSJ para entender a medicina defensiva'/><author><name>Paulo A. Lotufo</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/00246144050660663066</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-32597052.post-213740707041647350</id><published>2008-09-15T15:47:00.003-03:00</published><updated>2008-09-15T15:50:16.763-03:00</updated><title type='text'>O sarampo nos Estados Unidos</title><content type='html'>&lt;div align="justify"&gt;Se ocorresse em Terra Brasilis, o que estaria acontecento na imprensa? Falência da Saúde Pública!!!&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;Mas, é na terra de Tio Sam. Notem que há crianças não vacinadas por crenças dos pais, filosóficas ou religiosas.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Measles Outbreaks Continue at Record Pace&lt;/strong&gt;
CDC Officials Warn of Increasing Levels of Viral Transmission
By &lt;a href="mailto:cborgmey@aafp.org"&gt;Cindy Borgmeyer&lt;/a&gt; 9/12/2008
In May, &lt;a class="italic" title="Measles Outbreaks Show Need for Immunization" href="http://www.aafp.org/online/en/home/publications/news/news-now/clinical-care-research/20080514measles.html"&gt;AAFP News Now&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a class="link" title="Measles Outbreaks Show Need for Immunization" href="http://www.aafp.org/online/en/home/publications/news/news-now/clinical-care-research/20080514measles.html"&gt; reported on&lt;/a&gt; a series of measles outbreaks that had racked up a total of 64 cases between Jan. 1 and April 25 -- the most cases seen in the United States since 2001. According to CDC officials, that tally had reached 131 by the end of July -- the highest year-to-date number since 1996. As of the end of April, nine states had reported cases of the disease; now, 15 states and the District of Columbia have reported measles cases.But those figures only begin to scratch the surface of the problem.
This boy with measles displays the characteristic red blotchy rash that typically appears on the third day of the illness.
Of the 131 total cases reported to the CDC, 123 occurred in U.S. residents. Five of these residents had received a single dose of measles-mumps-rubella, or MMR, vaccine; six had received two MMR doses; and 112 were unvaccinated or had unknown vaccination status. Of those 112 cases, 16 occurred in patients who were too young to be vaccinated and one occurred in a patient who was born before 1957 and, therefore, was presumed to have immunity. Finally, of the 95 remaining patients eligible for vaccination, &lt;strong&gt;63 had not been immunized because of their parents' philosophical or religious beliefs&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/32597052-213740707041647350?l=paulolotufo.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://paulolotufo.blogspot.com/feeds/213740707041647350/comments/default' title='Postar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=32597052&amp;postID=213740707041647350' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/32597052/posts/default/213740707041647350'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/32597052/posts/default/213740707041647350'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://paulolotufo.blogspot.com/2008/09/o-sarampo-nos-estados-unidos.html' title='O sarampo nos Estados Unidos'/><author><name>Paulo A. Lotufo</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/00246144050660663066</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-32597052.post-1700437378239292223</id><published>2008-09-12T17:03:00.002-03:00</published><updated>2008-09-12T17:10:04.749-03:00</updated><title type='text'>Erros médicos: por que não notificar?</title><content type='html'>O blogueiro do &lt;strong&gt;The Wall Street Journal&lt;/strong&gt; repercute matéria do &lt;strong&gt;Philadelphia Inquirer&lt;/strong&gt; sobre a notificação de erros médicos. Alguns estados americanos adotaram a notificação de erros hospitalares. Lá, como cá há um pavor em dizer que há problemas nos processos de trabalho que levam a erros.   Prova da estúpida onipotência do setor hospitalar e dos médicos.
&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;Pennsylvania and New Jersey, like several other states, have passed laws in recent years requiring hospitals to report serious errors. But lots of important mistakes may still be going unreported, the &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.philly.com/inquirer/home_top_stories/20080912_Hospitals__mistakes_are_going_unreported.html?viewAll=y" target="blank"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;Philadelphia Inquirer reports this morning&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;.
In New Jersey, for example, five of the state’s 80 hospitals didn’t report any preventable mistakes last year. And some Pennsylvania hospitals didn’t report any errors or near misses, which are also supposed to be reported. It’s unlikely the hospitals operated flawlessly.
“I don’t know how many is enough, but zero is a bad number,” said James Bagian, head of the Department of Veterans Affairs’ National Center for Patient Safety, told the Inquirer. “Anybody that is supposed to report close calls and has zero reports is clueless. … Management is asleep at the switch and just waiting until they kill someone.”
The laws are part of a nationwide push to recognize medical errors and improve patient safety by preventing them. But the laws aren’t in step with another big trend in medicine these days: transparency. In general, the error reports aren’t available to the public, and the agencies wouldn’t tell the Inquirer how many error reports each hospital had filed.
The New Jersey Hospital Association supports reporting but opposes making the reports public. “It may present an unfair picture of what is actually going on . . . when we have some hospitals that are not reporting and other hospitals that are reporting,” a hospital association official told Inquirer.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/32597052-1700437378239292223?l=paulolotufo.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://paulolotufo.blogspot.com/feeds/1700437378239292223/comments/default' title='Postar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=32597052&amp;postID=1700437378239292223' title='1 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/32597052/posts/default/1700437378239292223'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/32597052/posts/default/1700437378239292223'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://paulolotufo.blogspot.com/2008/09/erros-mdicos-por-que-no-notificar.html' title='Erros médicos: por que não notificar?'/><author><name>Paulo A. Lotufo</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/00246144050660663066</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>1</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-32597052.post-5003798855096555009</id><published>2008-09-10T20:41:00.004-03:00</published><updated>2008-09-11T08:18:48.033-03:00</updated><title type='text'>Medicina: a ciência das verdades transitórias, transformadas em dogmas para fins didáticos</title><content type='html'>&lt;div align="justify"&gt;No blogue auxiliar &lt;a href="http://ensaiosclinicos.blogspot.com/"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Ensaios Clínicos&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;strong&gt; , &lt;/strong&gt;postei os dois &lt;em&gt;abstracts&lt;/em&gt; publicados hoje no &lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.nejm.org/"&gt;The New England Journal of Medicine&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;. Trata-se  da continuidade de dois ensaios clínicos sobre diabetes encerrados e publicados há dez anos, o &lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.dtu.ox.ac.uk/index.php?maindoc=/ukpds/"&gt;UKPDS (United Kingdom Prospective Diabetes Study)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;. Agora, eles avaliam o efeito do ensaio sem a intervenção, dez anos depois. Os resultados praticamente mudaram o publicado inicialmente, o que implica discutir cada vez mais o mundo dos ensaios clínicos e o mundo real. Fica para outro momento.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;O título do &lt;em&gt;post &lt;/em&gt;é homenagem ao filósofo, médico, endocrinologista e diabetólogo, Arnaldo Caleiro Sandoval, autor dessa e de outras máximas. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/32597052-5003798855096555009?l=paulolotufo.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://paulolotufo.blogspot.com/feeds/5003798855096555009/comments/default' title='Postar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=32597052&amp;postID=5003798855096555009' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/32597052/posts/default/5003798855096555009'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/32597052/posts/default/5003798855096555009'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://paulolotufo.blogspot.com/2008/09/medicina-cincia-das-verdades.html' title='Medicina: a ciência das verdades transitórias, transformadas em dogmas para fins didáticos'/><author><name>Paulo A. Lotufo</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/00246144050660663066</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-32597052.post-2276756337049340448</id><published>2008-09-09T05:52:00.002-03:00</published><updated>2008-09-09T05:56:21.490-03:00</updated><title type='text'>Quem é mais citado?</title><content type='html'>&lt;div align="justify"&gt;Um artigo simples, de fácil realização, publicado no &lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href="http://circ.ahajournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/CIRCULATIONAHA.108.794016v1?papetoc"&gt;Circulation &lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;pela equipe da Harvard Medical School revela que artigos financiados pela indústria são mais citados do que aqueles por outras fontes, independente da qualidade. O mesmo vale para artigo mostrando que a proposta nova é mais efetiva do que a existente.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;Leitura obrigatória em seminários de médicos-residentes e pós-graduandos.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Differential Citation Rates of Major Cardiovascular Clinical Trials According to Source of Funding. A Survey From 2000 to 2005&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;David Conen MD, Jose Torres BA, and Paul M Ridker MD*
Background—Prior work indicates that therapeutic trials funded by for-profit organizations are more likely to report positive findings than trials funded by not-for-profit organizations. What impact, if any, funding source has on subsequent dissemination of trial data is uncertain. To address this issue, we used the number of citations per publication per year to assess differences in trial dissemination according to funding source.
Methods and Results—We assessed 303 consecutive superiority trials of cardiovascular medicine published between January 1, 2000, and July 30, 2005, in the Journal of the American Medical Association, The Lancet, and the New England Journal of Medicine. The primary outcome measure was the number of citations per publication per year up to December 31, 2006. Overall, the median number of citations per publication per year was 46 for trials funded exclusively by for-profit organizations, 37 for trials jointly funded, and 29 for trials funded by not-for-profit organizations (P=0.0007). Higher citation rates for trials funded by for-profit organizations were consistently observed in analyses stratified by journal and various trial design features and were most striking when the new intervention was favored over the standard of care; in this subgroup, the median number of citations per publication per year was 52 for trials funded by for-profit organizations compared with 25 for trials funded by not-for-profit organizations (P=0.0006). In marked contrast, in analyses limited to trials in which the new intervention was significantly worse than the standard of care, an inverse pattern was observed with fewer citations per publication per year for trials funded by for-profit organizations compared with not-for-profit organizations (33 versus 41; P=0.048). Higher citation rates were observed for industry-funded trials than for federally funded trials even when the trials dealt with similar issues and were published back-to-back in the same journal.
Conclusions—Dissemination of clinical trial results is important for clinical practice but appears to be biased in favor of for-profit entities. Consideration should be given to more extensive promotion of clinical trial results that are funded by not-for-profit organizations.
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/32597052-2276756337049340448?l=paulolotufo.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://paulolotufo.blogspot.com/feeds/2276756337049340448/comments/default' title='Postar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=32597052&amp;postID=2276756337049340448' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/32597052/posts/default/2276756337049340448'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/32597052/posts/default/2276756337049340448'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://paulolotufo.blogspot.com/2008/09/quem-mais-citado.html' title='Quem é mais citado?'/><author><name>Paulo A. Lotufo</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/00246144050660663066</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-32597052.post-8391105132889150714</id><published>2008-09-07T13:23:00.002-03:00</published><updated>2008-09-07T13:26:29.144-03:00</updated><title type='text'>Não fui embora !</title><content type='html'>&lt;div align="justify"&gt;Reforma do Pronto-Socorro do Hospital, estrutura nova para ambulatórios de especialidade, relatórios e proposições a agências de pesquisas, aulas e seminários, início do ELSA, submissão de manuscritos... O blog ficou sozinho..&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/32597052-8391105132889150714?l=paulolotufo.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://paulolotufo.blogspot.com/feeds/8391105132889150714/comments/default' title='Postar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=32597052&amp;postID=8391105132889150714' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/32597052/posts/default/8391105132889150714'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/32597052/posts/default/8391105132889150714'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://paulolotufo.blogspot.com/2008/09/no-fui-embora.html' title='Não fui embora !'/><author><name>Paulo A. Lotufo</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/00246144050660663066</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-32597052.post-4731831587095238720</id><published>2008-09-02T20:09:00.003-03:00</published><updated>2008-09-02T20:14:52.600-03:00</updated><title type='text'>Um idéia excelente: compartilhar banco de dados</title><content type='html'>&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Towards a Data Sharing Culture: Recommendations for Leadership from Academic Health Centers. &lt;span style="font-size:85%;color:#3333ff;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://medicine.plosjournals.org/perlserv/?request=get-document&amp;amp;doi=10.1371/journal.pmed.0050183"&gt;(texto completo, clique aqui)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;
&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;Sharing biomedical research and health care data is important but difficult. Recognizing this, many initiatives facilitate, fund, request, or require researchers to share their data. These initiatives address the technical aspects of data sharing, but rarely focus on incentives for key stakeholders. Academic health centers (AHCs) have a critical role in enabling, encouraging, and rewarding data sharing. The leaders of medical schools and academic-affiliated hospitals can play a unique role in supporting this transformation of the research enterprise. We propose that AHCs can and should lead the transition towards a culture of biomedical data sharing.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a id="s2"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Benefits of Data Sharing for Academic Health Centers
&lt;/strong&gt;The benefits of data sharing and reuse have been widely reported. We summarize them here, from the perspective of an AHC.
The predominant benefit of data sharing is accelerated scientific progress. Advances are clearly valuable to an AHC when translated into improved patient outcomes, reduced research costs, and decreased time in moving discoveries from the bench to the bedside.
Of more immediate benefit to AHCs and their researchers, sharing data increases the visibility and relevance of research output. Sharing data generates opportunities for additional publications through collaboration, and may increase the citation rate of primary publications&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;. Since publication history and citation impact are often considered in future funding decisions, these benefits are likely to accelerate research programs, and thus enhance the reputation of the academic institutions.
Data sharing can also benefit an AHC in its roles of educator and employer. Health care professionals trained in clinical informatics&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt; benefit from exposure to real-world data. By embracing data sharing goals, an AHC becomes more appealing to cutting-edge researchers&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;, and thereby more able to recruit the talent required for future successes.
Finally, the widespread adoption of a data sharing culture needs leaders&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;, and thus provides an opportunity for AHCs to demonstrate excellence.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a id="s3"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;A Leadership Role
Despite the anticipated benefits, sharing research data has yet to be widely adopted in biomedicine&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;. Through their interwoven roles in education, research, and policy, AHCs can lead the development of best practices for establishing a data sharing culture. Practical steps with potentially powerful impact are discussed below and summarized in &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://medicine.plosjournals.org/perlserv/?request=get-document&amp;amp;doi=10.1371/journal.pmed.0050183#journal-pmed-0050183-box001"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Box 1&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a id="journal-pmed-0050183-box001"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Box 1:&lt;/strong&gt; Recommendations for Academic Health Centers to Encourage Data Sharing
&lt;strong&gt;Commit&lt;/strong&gt; to sharing research data as openly as possible, given privacy constraints. Streamline IRB, technology transfer, and information technology policies and procedures accordingly.
&lt;strong&gt;Recognize&lt;/strong&gt; data sharing contributions in hiring and promotion decisions, perhaps as a bonus to a publication's impact factor. Use concrete metrics when available.
&lt;strong&gt;Educate&lt;/strong&gt; trainees and current investigators on responsible data sharing and reuse practices through class work, mentorship, and professional development. Promote a framework for deciding upon appropriate data sharing mechanisms.
&lt;strong&gt;Encourage&lt;/strong&gt; data sharing practices as part of publication policies. Lobby for explicit and enforceable policies in journal and conference instructions, to both authors and peer reviewers.
&lt;strong&gt;Encourage&lt;/strong&gt; data sharing plans as part of funding policies. Lobby for appropriate data sharing requirements by funders, and recommend that they assess a proposal's data sharing plan as part of its scientific contribution.
&lt;strong&gt;Fund&lt;/strong&gt; the costs of data sharing, support for repositories, adoption of sharing infrastructure and metrics, and research into best practices through federal grants and AHC funds.
&lt;strong&gt;Publish&lt;/strong&gt; experiences in data sharing to facilitate the exchange of best practices&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/32597052-4731831587095238720?l=paulolotufo.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://paulolotufo.blogspot.com/feeds/4731831587095238720/comments/default' title='Postar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=32597052&amp;postID=4731831587095238720' title='1 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/32597052/posts/default/4731831587095238720'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/32597052/posts/default/4731831587095238720'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://paulolotufo.blogspot.com/2008/09/um-idia-excelente-compartilhar-banco-de.html' title='Um idéia excelente: compartilhar banco de dados'/><author><name>Paulo A. Lotufo</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/00246144050660663066</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>1</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-32597052.post-1329231973638137091</id><published>2008-09-02T07:26:00.002-03:00</published><updated>2008-09-02T07:32:46.029-03:00</updated><title type='text'>Agora é polícia que mostra a máfia das ações judiciais.</title><content type='html'>&lt;div align="justify"&gt;Ações Judiciais para liberação de medicamentos. Quando ninguém falava, eu denunciei. Recebi de um médico, uma ação no CREMESP que foi arquivada e, outra em Conselho de Ética. Outra ação movida contra mim , na esfera do Judiciário foi retirada de início. Agora, somente cabe ler os jornais e, observar detalhes da maior drenagem de dinheiro público na área da saúde ocorrida nos últimos tempos.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/32597052-1329231973638137091?l=paulolotufo.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://paulolotufo.blogspot.com/feeds/1329231973638137091/comments/default' title='Postar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=32597052&amp;postID=1329231973638137091' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/32597052/posts/default/1329231973638137091'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/32597052/posts/default/1329231973638137091'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://paulolotufo.blogspot.com/2008/09/agora-polcia-que-mostra-mfia-das-aes.html' title='Agora é polícia que mostra a máfia das ações judiciais.'/><author><name>Paulo A. Lotufo</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/00246144050660663066</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-32597052.post-8150344079374881591</id><published>2008-09-02T07:15:00.002-03:00</published><updated>2008-09-02T07:23:48.065-03:00</updated><title type='text'>Folha de S.Paulo e Datafolha restauram a geografia em São Paulo</title><content type='html'>&lt;div align="justify"&gt;A Folha de S.Paulo publica há cinco domingos, pesquisa do Datafolha e dados demográficos sobre as regiões da cidade de São Paulo.  O destaque fica pela reintrodução da geografia em contraposição à definição ideológica de bairros com sotaque carioca. Tudo que é bom seria na zona sul, o que não fosse seria zona norte, leste, oeste etc... A própria Folha, mais Estadão, Vejinha sempre classificavam os Jardins como Zona Sul, o mesmo para o Morumbi e, até o Alto de Pinheiros! O Ipiranga que fica na zona sul era classificado como zona leste.  A geografia agradece à Folha de S.Paulo, que aprendeu a não brigar com os mapas.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;Agora, será a vez dos cardiologistas brasileiros aprenderem que o Brasil está no Ocidente do planeta. Quem nunca leu &lt;em&gt; "com a ocidentalização dos hábitos dos brasileiros....? "(&lt;/em&gt;uma tradução idiota de "life style westernization" aplicada à China, Japão, India).&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/32597052-8150344079374881591?l=paulolotufo.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://paulolotufo.blogspot.com/feeds/8150344079374881591/comments/default' title='Postar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=32597052&amp;postID=8150344079374881591' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/32597052/posts/default/8150344079374881591'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/32597052/posts/default/8150344079374881591'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://paulolotufo.blogspot.com/2008/09/folha-de-spaulo-e-datafolha-restauram.html' title='Folha de S.Paulo e Datafolha restauram a geografia em São Paulo'/><author><name>Paulo A. Lotufo</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/00246144050660663066</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-32597052.post-5936374517577228714</id><published>2008-09-01T14:10:00.002-03:00</published><updated>2008-09-01T14:17:28.276-03:00</updated><title type='text'>Ensaios Clínicos: um site de ensino</title><content type='html'>&lt;div align="justify"&gt;Quem acessar o site &lt;a href="http://ensaiosclinicos.blogspot.com/"&gt;Ensaios Clínicos &lt;/a&gt;verá uma seleção de resumos dos mais relevantes ensaios clínicos publicados ou comentários relacionados à terapêutica. Na faixa ao lado, também é possível acessá-lo. Desde o início do ano utilizo a secção &lt;strong&gt;Ensaios Clínicos em Cardiologia&lt;/strong&gt; para orientar os residentes de Clínica Médica no preparo de seminários sobre terapêutica que ocorrem todas segundas-feiras. Agora, o objetivo é incentivar os residentes a postarem comentários sobre os temas por eles desenvolvidos para permitir um debate público, incluindo obviamente a imensa comunidade extra-universitária. Depois disso, como as apresentações estão cada vez melhores, a intenção será disponibilizar os diapositivos no site para conhecimento geral.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/32597052-5936374517577228714?l=paulolotufo.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://paulolotufo.blogspot.com/feeds/5936374517577228714/comments/default' title='Postar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=32597052&amp;postID=5936374517577228714' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/32597052/posts/default/5936374517577228714'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/32597052/posts/default/5936374517577228714'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://paulolotufo.blogspot.com/2008/09/ensaios-clnicos-um-site-de-ensino.html' title='Ensaios Clínicos: um site de ensino'/><author><name>Paulo A. Lotufo</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/00246144050660663066</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-32597052.post-138667926803357274</id><published>2008-09-01T13:59:00.003-03:00</published><updated>2008-09-01T14:09:30.234-03:00</updated><title type='text'>A demografia não perdoa a falta de planejamento</title><content type='html'>&lt;div align="justify"&gt;Uma semana fora do ar. Não foi vírus no computador ou no blogueiro, mas o excesso de atividades em reuniões do ELSA, EMMA, relatórios, análises de projetos, preparo de aulas,  revisão de manuscritos, enfim a vida acadêmica na sua intensidade máxima.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;Hoje, o Estadão discute a questão da saúde em São Paulo, considerada  questão eleitoral mais mais crítica. Na verdade, a saúde do paulistano, como a do brasileiro, melhora ano a ano. Todos os indicadores são positivos, mesmo aqueles relacionados a epidemias como a dengue. O que continua muito ruim é a organização do sistema e, a incapacidade do sistema de saúde (vale para todas políticas públicas, principalmente na educação) em se adaptar às mudanças demográficas e epidemiológicas da sociedade brasileira. Hoje, em São Paulo,  sobram leitos de pediatria e obstetrícia, mas faltam de clínica médica e ortopedia.  A culpa deve ser compartilhada tanto pelo SUS como pelas escolas médicas.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/32597052-138667926803357274?l=paulolotufo.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://paulolotufo.blogspot.com/feeds/138667926803357274/comments/default' title='Postar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=32597052&amp;postID=138667926803357274' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/32597052/posts/default/138667926803357274'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/32597052/posts/default/138667926803357274'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://paulolotufo.blogspot.com/2008/09/demografia-no-perdoa-falta-de.html' title='A demografia não perdoa a falta de planejamento'/><author><name>Paulo A. Lotufo</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/00246144050660663066</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-32597052.post-533351472875518099</id><published>2008-08-22T21:44:00.005-03:00</published><updated>2008-08-22T22:00:03.957-03:00</updated><title type='text'>ELSA no ano 1 saúda os 60 anos do "vovô" Framingham Heart Study</title><content type='html'>&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_RxyqpEvyd6k/SK9eODKg85I/AAAAAAAAAFg/Qgkaan2jFHM/s1600-h/elsa4.jpg"&gt;&lt;img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5237508487115764626" style="FLOAT: left; MARGIN: 0px 10px 10px 0px; CURSOR: hand" alt="" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_RxyqpEvyd6k/SK9eODKg85I/AAAAAAAAAFg/Qgkaan2jFHM/s400/elsa4.jpg" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt; Em breve, o &lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.framinghamheartstudy.org/"&gt;Framingham Heart Study&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; completará 60 anos. Esse estudo iniciado em 1948 com mais de 5 mil pessoas na cidade do mesmo nome, próxima a Boston representa um dos grandes legados da epidemiologia à ciência e saúde pública. Impossível falar em fatores de risco cardiovascular sem os resultados de Framingham. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;Essa semana, os quatros primeiros participantes terminaram os exames iniciais do &lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.elsa.org.br/"&gt;Estudo Longitudinal de Saúde do Adulto&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;, na sede paulista do projeto localizado no Hospital Universitário da USP. Na foto, a coordenadora, professora Isabela Benseñor e técnica Angelita trocam a placa no primeiro dia do estudo.  O ELSA examinará 15 mil pessoas em SamPa (5 mil), BH (3 mil), Salvador (2 mil), Rio (2mil), PoA (2mil) e, Vitória (1 mil).  Trará informações sobre os determinates do diabetes e da doença cardiovascular em uma população brasileira. Trata-se do grande empreendimento dos epidemiologistas brasileiros que  aproveitam o momento para saudar o aniversário do "vovô" Framingham.
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/32597052-533351472875518099?l=paulolotufo.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://paulolotufo.blogspot.com/feeds/533351472875518099/comments/default' title='Postar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=32597052&amp;postID=533351472875518099' title='1 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/32597052/posts/default/533351472875518099'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/32597052/posts/default/533351472875518099'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://paulolotufo.blogspot.com/2008/08/elsa-no-ano-1-sada-os-60-anos-do-vov.html' title='ELSA no ano 1 saúda os 60 anos do &quot;vovô&quot; Framingham Heart Study'/><author><name>Paulo A. Lotufo</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/00246144050660663066</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_RxyqpEvyd6k/SK9eODKg85I/AAAAAAAAAFg/Qgkaan2jFHM/s72-c/elsa4.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>1</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-32597052.post-4674032945670185023</id><published>2008-08-22T21:32:00.003-03:00</published><updated>2008-08-22T21:41:54.896-03:00</updated><title type='text'>Vacina para o HPV: custo-benefício discutível</title><content type='html'>&lt;div align="justify"&gt;O PharmaBlog faz um resumo abaixo muito bom do artigo sobre a custo-efetividade da vacina para o HPV. Esse é recidivante nesse blogue, basta &lt;a href="http://paulolotufo.blogspot.com/search?q=HPV"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;clicar aqui&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;/a&gt;para ver o debate nos Estados Unidos a conduta do nosso Ministério da Saúde.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;Eu volto a repetir o post de 19/01/07:  &lt;em&gt;"... quem precisará da vacina, não terá acesso e, fará uso quem tem risco mínimo de câncer de colo uterino. É o fenômeno descrito na Inglaterra por Julian Tudor- Hart chamado "inverse care law". O Ministério da Saúde precisa ser rigoroso e, impedir a liberalização total de venda da vacina? Sim, porque (1) somente o Ministério poderá comprar a vacina e, quem tomar em clínica particulares irá deduzir o valor pago no imposto de renda. Ou seja, por compra direta ou por renúncia fiscal, a conta será do erário; (2) existirá em breve, alternativa da Glaxo, que poderá ser mais barata e efetiva. Por isso, se o Ministério facilitar a venda do produto da Merck estará "matando" o concorrente que poderá ser ou não a melhor opção (não há dados confiáveis) entre as duas estratégias de prevenção.
No entanto, a prioridade de aplicação em termos de faixa etária, região e categoria social deveria ser do Ministério. Porque, se com certeza, a moça de 15 anos moradora em Brasília Teimosa em Recife se beneficiará mais da vacina, do que a senhora de 35 anos moradora no plano piloto de Brasília, não preciso ser advinho para saber quem terá e, quem não terá acesso à vacina, casos as "leis de mercado" prevaleçam."&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.pharmalot.com/"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Pharma Blog&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt; » &lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.pharmalot.com/2008/"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;2008&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt; » &lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.pharmalot.com/2008/08/"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;August&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt; » &lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.pharmalot.com/2008/08/21/"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;21&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a title="Permanent Link to Gardasil Isn’t Worth The Cost For Women Over 18" href="http://www.pharmalot.com/2008/08/gardasil-isnt-worth-the-cost-for-women-over-18/" rel="bookmark"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Gardasil Isn’t Worth The Cost For Women Over 18&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;
By Ed Silverman // &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.pharmalot.com/2008/08/21/"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;August 21st, 2008&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt; // 8:05 am
That’s the conclusion of a new study that is going to make life much harder for Merck to wring needed sales out of its &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.pharmalot.com/2008/07/mercks-gardasil-gets-clean-bill-of-health/"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;controversial&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt; HPV vaccine. The study, which appears in the New England Journal of Medicine, comes as the drugmaker is &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.pharmalot.com/2008/08/merck-runs-a-gardasil-special-for-docs/"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;already struggling&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt; to convince college-age and older women to get the vaccine, which costs about $360 for a three-dose regimen.
The vaccine, which is approved for girls and young women ages 9 to 26, makes economic sense for preteens because they are less likely to have the sexually transmitted virus that causes cervical cancer, according to &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/full/359/8/821"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;the study&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;. But the cost-benefit depends on how long Gardasil’s protection will last, although Merck contends the vaccine is cost effective for women through age 24.
The analysis predicted that life expectancy gained by giving Gardasil to women older than 18 doesn’t outweigh the expense. “We aren’t saying older women can’t benefit. We are just saying that from a societal perspective there might be a better use of this investment in money,” Jane Kim, an author on the study and an assistant professor of health decision science at Harvard University, tells &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601202&amp;amp;sid=aK_w5hugLze8&amp;amp;refer=healthcare"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;Bloomberg News&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;. “You are getting diminishing returns.”
The researchers compared the price of the vaccine and other expenses involved in getting the shot along with regular pap smears to the cost of pap smears. A pap smear, which detects abnormal cell change that could signify cervical cancer, costs about $38.68 and is recommended at least once every three years for women ages 21 through 64, according to the National Institutes of Health.
To wit, Gardasil cost about $43,600 per “quality-adjusted life year” gained when administered to 12- year-old girls. This falls below the $50,000 per QALY benchmark used by many researchers as a maximum for cost-effectiveness, although other researchers cite $100,000 per QALY.
It would cost $97,300 per QALY, however, to vaccinate girls and women through age 18; $120,400 per QALY for girls and women up to age 21, and $152,700 for girls and women up to age 26. However, the cost becomes more attractive when considering protection against genital warts - the cost per QALY when given to 12-year-olds falls 20 precent to $34,900, and to $133,600 for a program through age 26.
Current data has only looked at Gardasil’s ability to stop HPV for up to five years. It is unknown whether Gardasil can reduce overall rates of cervical cancer and deaths, Charlotte Haug, editor-in-chief of the Journal of the Norwegian Medical Association, wrote in a separate editorial also published in the New England Journal.
“There is good reason to be cautious about introducing large-scale vaccination programs,” Haug tells Bloomberg. “Instead, we should concentrate on finding more solid answers through research rather than base consequential and costly decisions on yet unproven assumptions.”
It is routine for vaccines to be used after five years of efficacy data and it would be unfair to patients keep the product off the market while researchers study its long-term effects, Rick Haupt, Merck’s executive director of Gardasil clinical research, tells Bloomberg. Merck may present data this year on the effects of the vaccine over nine years.
Gardasil protects against the HPV strains 16 and 18, which are responsible for 70 percent of cervical cancers, and HPV strains 6 and 11, which cause 90 percent of genital warts. While many of the sexually transmitted infections caused by HPV are resolved naturally, others develop into genital warts and cervical cancer. The CDC recommends girls be vaccinated at age 11 or 12.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/32597052-4674032945670185023?l=paulolotufo.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://paulolotufo.blogspot.com/feeds/4674032945670185023/comments/default' title='Postar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=32597052&amp;postID=4674032945670185023' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/32597052/posts/default/4674032945670185023'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/32597052/posts/default/4674032945670185023'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://paulolotufo.blogspot.com/2008/08/vacina-para-o-hpv-custo-benefcio.html' title='Vacina para o HPV: custo-benefício discutível'/><author><name>Paulo A. Lotufo</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/00246144050660663066</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-32597052.post-609938081489454507</id><published>2008-08-21T13:54:00.000-03:00</published><updated>2008-08-21T13:55:41.551-03:00</updated><title type='text'>Blog do Karl corrige os dois posts anteriores</title><content type='html'>O JAMA deu antes. 16 de Abril 2008.
Ver &lt;a onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)" href="http://jama.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/full/299/15/1813" target="_blank"&gt;http://jama.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/full/299/15/1813&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/32597052-609938081489454507?l=paulolotufo.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://paulolotufo.blogspot.com/feeds/609938081489454507/comments/default' title='Postar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=32597052&amp;postID=609938081489454507' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/32597052/posts/default/609938081489454507'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/32597052/posts/default/609938081489454507'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://paulolotufo.blogspot.com/2008/08/blog-do-karl-corrige-os-dois-posts.html' title='Blog do Karl corrige os dois posts anteriores'/><author><name>Paulo A. Lotufo</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/00246144050660663066</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-32597052.post-808117393323160076</id><published>2008-08-18T22:51:00.001-03:00</published><updated>2008-08-18T22:53:30.585-03:00</updated><title type='text'>Caso Vioxx: ver o post anterior. Aqui, o editorial do The Annals of Internal Medicine</title><content type='html'>&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Seeding Trials: Just Say "No"&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;a style="TEXT-DECORATION: none" href="http://www.annals.org/cgi/content/full/149/4/279?etoc#FN"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a style="TEXT-DECORATION: none" href="http://www.annals.org/cgi/content/full/149/4/279?etoc#FN"&gt;&lt;strong&gt; Harold C. Sox, MD, Editor, and Drummond Rennie, MD &lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Annals of Internal Medicine 19 August 2008  Volume 149 Issue 4  Pages 279-80&lt;/strong&gt;
The public has lacked convincing documentary evidence of a long-suspected drug company practice: promoting a new drug by sponsoring a randomized trial in which participating physicians use the drug as they follow the trial protocol. This practice—a seeding trial—is marketing in the guise of science. The apparent purpose is to test a hypothesis. The true purpose is to get physicians in the habit of prescribing a new drug.
Why would a drug company go to the expense and bother of conducting a trial involving hundreds of practitioners—each recruiting a few patients—when a study based at a few large medical centers could accomplish the same scientific purposes much more efficiently? The main point of the seeding trial is not to get high-quality scientific information: It is to change the prescribing habits of large numbers of physicians. A secondary purpose is to transform physicians into advocates for the sponsor's drug. The company flatters a physician by selecting him because he is "an opinion leader" and incorporates him in the research team with the title of "investigator." Then, it pays him good money: a consulting fee to advise the company on the drug's use and another fee for each patient he enrolls. The physician becomes invested in the drug's future and praises its good features to patients and colleagues. Unwittingly, the physician joins the sponsor's marketing team. Why do companies pursue this expensive tactic? Because it works &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.annals.org/cgi/content/full/149/4/279?etoc#R1-12"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;(1, 2)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;.
It works, but it may endanger the unwary physician. The tide is turning against the physician who accepts emoluments from drug companies. Academic institutions and professional organizations are issuing ethical guidelines that proscribe transactions in which drug companies pay physicians an amount that is disproportionate to the services that the physician provides &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.annals.org/cgi/content/full/149/4/279?etoc#R3-12"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;(3, 4)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;. The office of the U.S. Inspector General has issued guidance about which transactions are legal. Although its guidance focuses on gifts, it also states that payments for participation in research "should be fair market values for legitimate, reasonable, and necessary services" &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.annals.org/cgi/content/full/149/4/279?etoc#R5-12"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;(5)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;. Moreover—and most ominously for the future of seeding trials—"postmarketing research activities should be especially scrutinized to ensure that they are legitimate and not simply a pretext to generate prescriptions of a drug" &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.annals.org/cgi/content/full/149/4/279?etoc#R5-12"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;(5)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;.
Several years ago, Annals published a seeding trial &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.annals.org/cgi/content/full/149/4/279?etoc#R6-12"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;(6)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;. Merck &amp;amp; Co. (Whitehouse Station, New Jersey) sponsored ADVANTAGE (Assessment of Differences between Vioxx and Naproxen To Ascertain Gastrointestinal Tolerability and Effectiveness), a large, community-based, randomized comparison of a cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor (Vioxx [rofecoxib]) and a nonselective cyclooxygenase inhibitor (naproxen). At the end of the 3-month follow-up, the proportion of patients who discontinued naproxen was larger (8.1% vs. 5.9%) than that of those who discontinued Vioxx. We published the study because we thought that physicians would be interested in the low discontinuation rates for both drugs and the small difference between them.
No one told Annals the true purpose of ADVANTAGE. We learned about it when we received a letter to the editor from Dr. David Egilman, who was a consultant to the plaintiffs' attorneys in the civil suits against Merck &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.annals.org/cgi/content/full/149/4/279?etoc#R7-12"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;(7)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;. He had access to publicly accessible trial documents, which included Merck employees' e-mail messages that disclosed the true intent of the ADVANTAGE trial. These messages are the meat of the article about seeding trials published in this issue by Hill and colleagues &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.annals.org/cgi/content/full/149/4/279?etoc#R8-12"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;(8)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;. To our knowledge, this article is the first to provide documentary evidence that proves the existence of seeding trials. Other than an excerpt from a single industry document cited in an article by Kessler and colleagues &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.annals.org/cgi/content/full/149/4/279?etoc#R9-12"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;(9)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;, we have not had "smoking gun" evidence, in which the perpetrators are on public record about why they conducted a trial like ADVANTAGE. The article provides clear evidence that the intent of ADVANTAGE was to increase prescriptions of Vioxx (the study outcome of greatest interest to Merck seems to have been Vioxx prescribing rates). However, despite the large body of documents searched by the authors, they discovered few details about exactly how Merck's marketing division carried out ADVANTAGE.
The documents do tell us that deception is the key to a successful seeding trial. That information—once it becomes general knowledge—could be the fatal blow for seeding trials. Institutional review boards, whose purpose is to protect humans who participate in research, would probably not likely approve an action that places patients in harms' way in order to influence physicians' prescribing habits. If they knew, few established clinical researchers would participate as coinvestigators. Few physicians would knowingly enroll their patients in a study that placed them at risk in order to provide a company with a marketing advantage, and few patients would agree to participate. Seeding trials can occur only because the company does not disclose their true purpose to anyone who could say "no."
It is also true that seeding trials exist only because physicians say "yes" to a deal that seems too good to be true. Academic physicians agree to be on the byline of an article that someone else wrote about a study that someone else designed and paid for because there is considerable prestige, little effort, and low risk &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.annals.org/cgi/content/full/149/4/279?etoc#R10-12"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;(10)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;. A practicing physician says, "Why not?" when he learns that he has been selected to participate in an important clinical trial and receives inducements designed to make it an offer he will not refuse. Our parents prepared us for this moment when they warned us to ask questions when someone offers us easy money. We owe it to them and especially our patients to ask if we are being recruited to participate in a seeding trial.
How can people with decisional responsibility—institutional review boards, researchers, physicians, and patients—identify a seeding trial? They could ask the about the intent of the trial. If the answer was "It's a seeding trial," most would say no, and seeding trials would soon fade away; but this scenario is a fairy tale, because sponsors would probably ascribe a scientific purpose to the trial and proving otherwise would be difficult. Nonetheless, institutional review boards could routinely ask, "Is this a seeding trial?" Sponsors would think twice about lying to an institutional review board, an institution that has so much legal and public support, especially in an era in which e-mail messages seem to live on forever, awaiting discovery by a curious someone.
Asking about intent may be the wrong approach. Does the goodness of a trial inhere in its intent or in something else? An adequately powered trial is good if it tries to answer an important scientific question on which patients should be in equipoise, even though participating physicians will become familiar with a new drug and be more likely to prescribe it. Is the same trial bad if its main purpose is to increase drug sales by habituating trial physicians to prescribing a new drug? Couldn't the answer to this question depend on the scientific importance of the question that it addresses? The trial would be bad if it addressed a question that lacked merit but good, despite its intent, if the question had intrinsic merit. Does the motivation for the trial make it wrong to participate in it, or does addressing an important, unsettled question make the study worthwhile, despite its intent? Perhaps physicians should focus less on intent and more on the scientific question. The ADVANTAGE physicians should have been asking whether the trial addressed an issue that previous trials had already answered—or should have answered.
This line of reasoning suggests that institutional review boards, researchers, physicians, and patients should be asking about the study hypothesis and whether it addresses a settled question. Physicians have a fiduciary obligation to ask these questions on behalf of their patients, as do institutional review boards and researchers, which have the skill set and personnel to judge whether a trial is asking an already-answered question. They could look for other clues, such as a study with an open-label design, no control group, a very large projected enrollment relative to the importance of the question, a short-term study of a chronic disease, a study of an already approved drug, and so forth (&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.annals.org/cgi/content/full/149/4/279?etoc#R1-12"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.annals.org/cgi/content/full/149/4/279?etoc#R8-12"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;8, 9&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;). None of these clues is highly specific, but institutional review boards should start asking questions when a study has several of them.
A bureaucratic solution, such as relying on institutional review boards, could help to rid us of seeding trials, but simply shining a bright light on their existence may have already sown the seeds of their destruction. The next step would be a societal consensus that it is wrong to deceive institutional review boards and participants about the true purpose of a trial. Therein lies the importance of Hill and colleagues' article &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.annals.org/cgi/content/full/149/4/279?etoc#R8-12"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;(8)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/32597052-808117393323160076?l=paulolotufo.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://paulolotufo.blogspot.com/feeds/808117393323160076/comments/default' title='Postar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=32597052&amp;postID=808117393323160076' title='1 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/32597052/posts/default/808117393323160076'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/32597052/posts/default/808117393323160076'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://paulolotufo.blogspot.com/2008/08/caso-vioxx-ver-o-post-anterior-aqui-o.html' title='Caso Vioxx: ver o post anterior. Aqui, o editorial do The Annals of Internal Medicine'/><author><name>Paulo A. Lotufo</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/00246144050660663066</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>1</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-32597052.post-1411443891478794573</id><published>2008-08-18T22:48:00.002-03:00</published><updated>2008-08-18T22:50:50.145-03:00</updated><title type='text'>Por dentro do caso Vioxx</title><content type='html'>&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;The ADVANTAGE Seeding Trial: A Review of Internal Documents&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;a style="TEXT-DECORATION: none" href="http://www.annals.org/cgi/content/abstract/149/4/251?etoc#FN"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a style="TEXT-DECORATION: none" href="http://www.annals.org/cgi/content/abstract/149/4/251?etoc#FN"&gt; &lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:78%;"&gt;Kevin P. Hill, MD, MHS; Joseph S. Ross, MD, MHS; David S. Egilman, MD, MPH; and Harlan M. Krumholz, MD, SM&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;strong&gt;Annals of Internal Medicine 19 August 2008  Volume 149 Issue 4  Pages 251-8&lt;/strong&gt;
Background: Seeding trials, clinical studies conducted by pharmaceutical companies that are designed to seem as if they answer a scientific question but primarily fulfill marketing objectives, have not been described in detail.
Purpose: To describe a known seeding trial, ADVANTAGE (Assessment of Differences between Vioxx and Naproxen To Ascertain Gastrointestinal Tolerability and Effectiveness), through documents of the trial sponsor, Merck &amp;amp; Co. (Whitehouse Station, New Jersey).
Data Sources: Merck internal and external correspondence, reports, and presentations elicited to inform legal proceedings of Cona v Merck and Co., Inc., and McDarby v Merck and Co., Inc. The documents were created between 1998 and 2006.
Data Extraction: An iterative case-study process of review, discussion, and re-review of documents to identify themes relevant to the design and conduct of ADVANTAGE. To supplement the case-study review, the authors did a systematic review of the literature to identify published manuscripts focused on seeding trials and their conduct.
&lt;strong&gt;Data Synthesis: Review of the documents revealed 3 key themes: The trial was designed by Merck's marketing division to fulfill a marketing objective; Merck's marketing division handled both the scientific and the marketing data, including collection, analysis, and dissemination; and Merck hid the marketing nature of the trial from participants, physician investigators, and institutional review board members. Although the systematic review of the literature identified 6 articles that focused on the practice of seeding trials, none provided documentary evidence of their existence or conduct.
&lt;/strong&gt;Limitations: The legal documents in these cases provide useful, but limited, information about the practices of the pharmaceutical industry. This description of 1 company's actions is incomplete and may have limited generalizability.
&lt;strong&gt;Conclusion: Documentary evidence shows that ADVANTAGE is an example of marketing framed as science. The documents indicate that ADVANTAGE was a seeding trial developed by Merck's marketing division to promote prescription of Vioxx (rofecoxib) when it became available on the market in 1999&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/32597052-1411443891478794573?l=paulolotufo.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://paulolotufo.blogspot.com/feeds/1411443891478794573/comments/default' title='Postar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=32597052&amp;postID=1411443891478794573' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/32597052/posts/default/1411443891478794573'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/32597052/posts/default/1411443891478794573'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://paulolotufo.blogspot.com/2008/08/por-dentro-do-caso-vioxx.html' title='Por dentro do caso Vioxx'/><author><name>Paulo A. Lotufo</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/00246144050660663066</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-32597052.post-2817476472791198807</id><published>2008-08-18T22:33:00.003-03:00</published><updated>2008-08-18T22:39:49.826-03:00</updated><title type='text'>Começa o maior estudo epidemiológico em doenças cardiovasculares e diabetes do hemisfério sul</title><content type='html'>&lt;div align="justify"&gt;Hoje, às 12:15, no Hospital Universitário da USP, a primeira participante do &lt;a href="http://www.elsa.org.br/"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Estudo Longitudinal de Saúde do Adulto&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;strong&gt; &lt;/strong&gt;completou o questionários e os diversos exames do maior estudo epidemiológico em doenças crônicas do hemisfério sul.  Restam 14 999 pessoas entre 35-74 anos, funcionários das universidades federais da Bahia, Espírito Santo, Minas Gerais, Rio Grande do Sul, da FIOCRUZ-Rio de Janeiro e, da USP. O financiamento é do Ministério da Saúde e do Ministério de Ciência e Tecnologia. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;Maiores informações com a coordenadora do Elsa-SP, profa Isabela Bensenor, em &lt;a href="mailto:isabensenor@hu.usp.br"&gt;isabensenor@hu.usp.br&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/32597052-2817476472791198807?l=paulolotufo.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://paulolotufo.blogspot.com/feeds/2817476472791198807/comments/default' title='Postar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=32597052&amp;postID=2817476472791198807' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/32597052/posts/default/2817476472791198807'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/32597052/posts/default/2817476472791198807'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://paulolotufo.blogspot.com/2008/08/comea-o-maior-estudo-epidemiolgico-em.html' title='Começa o maior estudo epidemiológico em doenças cardiovasculares e diabetes do hemisfério sul'/><author><name>Paulo A. Lotufo</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/00246144050660663066</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-32597052.post-3844921764831169944</id><published>2008-08-13T17:55:00.002-03:00</published><updated>2008-08-13T18:02:45.901-03:00</updated><title type='text'>Como as taxas de fecundidade foram diminuindo</title><content type='html'>&lt;div align="justify"&gt;Absolutamente, totalmente, imperdível, a leitura desse artigo de Suzana Cavenaghi com acesso gratuito. Torna-se claro que os resultados da &lt;a href="http://bvsms.saude.gov.br/bvs/pnds/index.php"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;PNDS&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;/a&gt;não foram tão "inesperados"..&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.springerlink.com/content/m7460556427pm221/fulltext.pdf"&gt;Exploratory Analysis of Spatial Patterns in Brazil’s Fertility Transition&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/32597052-3844921764831169944?l=paulolotufo.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://paulolotufo.blogspot.com/feeds/3844921764831169944/comments/default' title='Postar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=32597052&amp;postID=3844921764831169944' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/32597052/posts/default/3844921764831169944'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/32597052/posts/default/3844921764831169944'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://paulolotufo.blogspot.com/2008/08/como-as-taxas-de-fecundidade-foram.html' title='Como as taxas de fecundidade foram diminuindo'/><author><name>Paulo A. Lotufo</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/00246144050660663066</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-32597052.post-3345045117434804583</id><published>2008-08-13T12:47:00.002-03:00</published><updated>2008-08-13T12:51:57.627-03:00</updated><title type='text'>As verdades da vida são sem prazos.</title><content type='html'>&lt;div align="left"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Homenagem a meu ex-aluno e co-autor do livro abaixo citado: &lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;Felipe Montenegro Carneiro da Cunha Kumamoto (1977 - 2007).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;O seu exemplar de autor foi entregue hoje aos pais em cerimonia no Hospital Universitário.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="center"&gt;&lt;em&gt;As verdades da vida são sem prazos&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="center"&gt;&lt;em&gt;G.Rosa, Tutaméia&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/32597052-3345045117434804583?l=paulolotufo.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://paulolotufo.blogspot.com/feeds/3345045117434804583/comments/default' title='Postar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=32597052&amp;postID=3345045117434804583' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/32597052/posts/default/3345045117434804583'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/32597052/posts/default/3345045117434804583'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://paulolotufo.blogspot.com/2008/08/as-verdades-da-vida-so-sem-prazos.html' title='As verdades da vida são sem prazos.'/><author><name>Paulo A. Lotufo</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/00246144050660663066</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-32597052.post-6882518255360679314</id><published>2008-08-12T18:26:00.005-03:00</published><updated>2008-08-12T18:37:11.854-03:00</updated><title type='text'>Lançamento de livro: Clínica Médica</title><content type='html'>&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_RxyqpEvyd6k/SKIA2w0GupI/AAAAAAAAAFM/q-HE6jK3hqA/s1600-h/capalivro.jpg"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;&lt;img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5233746657774320274" style="FLOAT: left; MARGIN: 0px 10px 10px 0px; WIDTH: 599px; CURSOR: hand; HEIGHT: 303px" height="254" alt="" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_RxyqpEvyd6k/SKIA2w0GupI/AAAAAAAAAFM/q-HE6jK3hqA/s400/capalivro.jpg" width="374" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt; Mais um livro da coleção &lt;strong&gt;Medicina Ciência e Art&lt;/strong&gt;e, da Sarvier reunindo as experiências de profissionais dos Hospitais das Clínicas e Universitário: &lt;span style="color:#000099;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Clínica Médica: Diagnóstico e Tratamento.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;Os autores Itamar Santos, Leonardo Borges, Isabela Bensenor e esse blogueiro.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Lançamento no HU:&lt;/strong&gt; quarta-feira, dia 13 de agosto, às 11 hs.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Lançamento no HC: &lt;/strong&gt;quarta-feira, dia 20 , às 11 hs
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/32597052-6882518255360679314?l=paulolotufo.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://paulolotufo.blogspot.com/feeds/6882518255360679314/comments/default' title='Postar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=32597052&amp;postID=6882518255360679314' title='1 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/32597052/posts/default/6882518255360679314'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/32597052/posts/default/6882518255360679314'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://paulolotufo.blogspot.com/2008/08/lanamento-de-livro-clnica-mdica.html' title='Lançamento de livro: Clínica Médica'/><author><name>Paulo A. Lotufo</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/00246144050660663066</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_RxyqpEvyd6k/SKIA2w0GupI/AAAAAAAAAFM/q-HE6jK3hqA/s72-c/capalivro.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>1</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-32597052.post-4352328972113296768</id><published>2008-08-12T17:17:00.001-03:00</published><updated>2008-08-12T17:19:35.417-03:00</updated><title type='text'>Checando o Check-up</title><content type='html'>Mais uma vez o questionamento aos famigerados "check-ups" em um síntese no blog do WSJ.
&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Why Cancer Screening Isn’t Always a Good Idea
&lt;/strong&gt;Cancer screening sounds like the kind of the thing we should all be behind — “Go out there and get tested!” And some screenings, such as pap smears and colonoscopies, are indeed a great way to catch cancers and stop them before they turn deadly.
But the wrong kind of cancer screening can actually do more harm than good. Last week, a panel of experts convened by the federal government suggested that, for men 75 and older, the &lt;a href="http://blogs.wsj.com/health/2008/08/05/for-elderly-prostate-cancer-screening-may-harm-more-than-help/" target="blank"&gt;risks of prostate cancer screening outweigh the benefits&lt;/a&gt;.
Prostate cancer is often a slow-growing disease that doesn’t wind up causing any problems. So screening often leads to treatments (and side effects) for conditions that wouldn’t have caused any harm if they’d been left alone. For older men, the panel concluded, these risks outweigh the benefits of catching tumors that would have caused health problems — including death — if left alone.
But as this morning’s &lt;a href="http://www.nytimes.com/2008/08/12/health/12well.html?ex=1376280000&amp;amp;en=b2e33fc94d0dbbe5&amp;amp;ei=5124&amp;amp;partner=permalink&amp;amp;exprod=permalink" target="blank" modo="false"&gt;New York Times reminds us&lt;/a&gt;, it can be difficult to communicate the subtleties of this message. “We’re uncomfortable with the notion that some screening tests work and others don’t,” &lt;a href="http://www.mskcc.org/mskcc/html/3194.cfm" target="blank"&gt;Peter Bach&lt;/a&gt; of Memorial Sloan-Kettering tells the NYT. “That seems mystifying to people.”
In Japan, the NYT notes, a screening program for &lt;a href="http://www.cancer.org/docroot/CRI/content/CRI_2_4_1X_What_is_neuroblastoma_31.asp" target="blank"&gt;neuroblastoma&lt;/a&gt; in infants was abandoned after it became clear the program wasn’t saving lives, but was causing risky treatments of tumors that weren’t life-threatening.
&lt;a href="http://online.wsj.com/article/SB121746622900599191.html" target="blank"&gt;Screening smokers for lung cancer&lt;/a&gt; is another one that sounds good but remains unproved. And the risk-benefit balance for &lt;a href="http://blogs.wsj.com/health/2008/08/05/prostate-cancer-screening-making-decisions-without-evidence/" target="blank"&gt;screening middle-aged men for prostate cancer&lt;/a&gt; remains unclear, the panel said last week. Some clarity on that question should be coming soon, though, when the evidence from a &lt;a href="http://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00002540?term=PLCO&amp;amp;rank=2" target="blank"&gt;huge, federally funded trial&lt;/a&gt; is reported.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/32597052-4352328972113296768?l=paulolotufo.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://paulolotufo.blogspot.com/feeds/4352328972113296768/comments/default' title='Postar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=32597052&amp;postID=4352328972113296768' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/32597052/posts/default/4352328972113296768'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/32597052/posts/default/4352328972113296768'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://paulolotufo.blogspot.com/2008/08/checando-o-check-up.html' title='Checando o Check-up'/><author><name>Paulo A. Lotufo</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/00246144050660663066</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-32597052.post-632630041358205202</id><published>2008-08-10T22:01:00.002-03:00</published><updated>2008-08-10T22:12:22.555-03:00</updated><title type='text'>Esterilização: a crueldade e cinismo da elite dirigente</title><content type='html'>&lt;div align="justify"&gt;Abaixo transcrevo na íntegra reportagem do JB sobre laqueadura e vasectomia em unidades básicas de saúde. A esterilidade cirúrgica é um tema que a elite dirigente e intelectualizada discute muito, traça planos e sempre a considera como "última alternativa". Apesar das diretrizes dos donos da política reprodutiva, o "povo" pratica a esterilização há décadas. Inclusive, escondidos em unidades básicas de saúde. Parte dos partos cesáreos são na verdade laqueaduras. Quem trabalha na periferia de São Paulo conhece muito o termo "Credi-Laq", o pagamento em prestações ao médico durante a gravidez para garantir a esterilização tubárea.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;Pior são os planos de saúde e seguradoras que não cobriam a esterilização.&lt;/div&gt;Bem, acima descrevi a crueldade da elite intelectualizada. O cinismo é comprovado pela prática  rotineira nesse segmento tanto da vasectomia como da laqueadura. No debate abaixo, há um candidato que afirma que a vasectomia é cara. Em hospital chique de primeira linha em São Paulo, não sai por mais de mil reais, tudo incluído.
&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:78%;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;Candidatos debatem sobre proposta de laqueadura em postos de saúde e Planejamento Familiar (PF)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;   &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://jbonline.terra.com.br/extra/2008/08/09/e090826464.html"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:78%;"&gt;http://jbonline.terra.com.br/extra/2008/08/09/e090826464.html&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:78%;"&gt;   Marcelo Migliaccio, Pedro Vieira e Renata Victal, Jornal do Brasil   RIO - A proposta do candidato à prefeitura do Rio Marcelo Crivella (PRB-PR-PSDC-PRTB) de que, caso seja eleito, fará os postos de saúde municipais atenderem jovens com 18 anos ou mais que optem pela laqueadura ou vasectomia como métodos para evitar novos filhos abriu o debate sobre o planejamento familiar na cidade.   – É preciso que o povo tenha consciência de que há esses métodos. Podemos fazer uma ampla distribuição de camisinhas e o controle das doenças – afirmou Crivella.   O petista Alessandro Molon classificou como “infeliz” a proposta de seu adversário. – Não se resolve problema social com cirurgia, mas com informação e planejamento familiar para garantir a maternidade e a paternidade responsáveis. Laqueadura e vasectomia as são as últimas opções.   O tema é mesmo polêmico e costuma ser evitado pelos candidatos. Motivos para isso não faltam. Na última campanha para o Senado, Jandira Feghali (PCdoB) liderava todas as pesquisas de intenção de voto com ampla margem. Mas, faltando apenas 10 dias para o pleito, uma série de mensagens ressaltando que a deputada tinha sido uma das principais promotoras da lei que eliminaria do Código Penal todos os artigos que definiam o aborto como um delito contribuiu para que perdesse a eleição.. Precavida, a comunista prefere não comentar o assunto.   Favorável ao aborto, o candidato Eduardo Serra (PCB) acredita que a vasectomia e a laqueadura não podem ser feitas por imposição e que é melhor legalizar o aborto a ver jovens morrerem em clínicas ilegais.   – Alguns hospitais têm estrutura para realizar laqueaduras e vasectomias, mas são necessários mais postos de saúde, com uma rede hierarquizada, espalhados pelo município – explica Serra. – Sou favorável a colocar os meios contraceptivos para a população. Também sou a favor de se legalizar o aborto, mas como última opção.. Atualmente, muita gente morre ao usar clínicas clandestinas.   Chico Alencar (PSOL) acredita que criminalizar o aborto é “tão errado quanto incentivá-lo”. – Defendo a educação sexual desde a escola e o apoio ao pré-natal da gestante pobre. Nem a mais insensível das mulheres faz um aborto sem traumas, sem sofrimento.   O candidato não concorda com a proposta de Crivella.. – Pensei que o Crivella, como bispo, considerasse a vida humana um bem. A laqueadura é um método agressivo à dignidade e à consciência da mulher, que é percebida como um mero objeto reprodutivo. O que ele está propondo é um controle de natalidade induzido ou compulsório.   Eduardo Paes (PMDB) também não concorda com Crivella. – Há outros métodos de planejamento familiar. Laqueadura e vasectomia são os limites.   O candidato verde Fernando Gabeira prefere não entrar no tema da legalização ou não do aborto. Para ele esta é uma discussão “equivocada”.   – O nosso objetivo maior não deveria ser o aborto, e sim evitar a gravidez indesejada por falta de informação – ressalta Gabeira.   O candidato do PV diz que o serviço prestado pela prefeitura será mantido, mas tem ressalvas: – Recebi uma queixa de uma mulher que engravidou depois da laqueadura.   Mais conservadora, a candidata Solange Amaral (DEM) disse não ser favorável à proposta de Crivella. Para ela, reduzir a idade mínima da laqueadura de 25 para 18 anos seria um erro e mais uma prova do preconceito contra as mulheres.   – Não sou favorável à mudança na lei, que já permite a laqueadura para mulher com mais de 25 anos e dois filhos – enfatiza Solange. – O que vejo nessas propostas é o preconceito contra a mulher, que acaba tendo o ônus de uma gravidez.   Para a candidata, a melhor saída a ser adotada é investir no planejamento familiar: – É preciso pensar em soluções como o incentivo à paternidade responsável – acredita Solange. – Além disso, vou criar um programa de atenção à saúde reprodutiva.   Paulo Ramos (PDT) compartilha da mesma opinião. Apesar de ser favorável à esterilização, ele acha que uma mulher aos 18 anos é muito jovem para perder o direito de ter filhos.   – Sou a favor da esterilização, mas tem de estabelecer idade mínima e número de filhos. Não pode ser aos 18 anos. É absurdo. Tem que estudar e debater com a sociedade esses limites. A cirurgia é cara&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/32597052-632630041358205202?l=paulolotufo.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://paulolotufo.blogspot.com/feeds/632630041358205202/comments/default' title='Postar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=32597052&amp;postID=632630041358205202' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/32597052/posts/default/632630041358205202'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/32597052/posts/default/632630041358205202'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://paulolotufo.blogspot.com/2008/08/esterilizao-crueldade-e-cinismo-da.html' title='Esterilização: a crueldade e cinismo da elite dirigente'/><author><name>Paulo A. Lotufo</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/00246144050660663066</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-32597052.post-3356957469739864391</id><published>2008-08-08T06:38:00.002-03:00</published><updated>2008-08-08T06:46:25.523-03:00</updated><title type='text'>AIDS: muito ou pouco recurso?</title><content type='html'>&lt;div align="justify"&gt;Não gosto de falar que há setores da saúde com excesso de recursos. Soa hipócrita e, na maioria das vezes, cruel. Mas, que houve exagero nas estatísticas sobre aids, eu não tenho dúvida. Abaixo, a discussão sobre o tema feita por um dos ativistas pró-aids. No Brasil, a questão é de entendimento simples: há mais de vinte anos, a aids era doença de ator, publicitário,médico, cantor e, recursos não faltaram. Agora, a doença atinge mais os pobres e será  bom que continue bem financiada. Senão, assistiremos a mais uma crueldade brasileira.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Backlash Brews Against AIDS Support&lt;/strong&gt;
&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;Posted by Marilyn Chase
“Right now we’re seeing a backlash against AIDS,” longtime AIDS activist &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.unaids.org/en/KnowledgeCentre/Resources/FeatureStories/archive/2008/20080509_gregg_gonsalves.asp" target="blank" modo="false"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;Gregg Gonsalves&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt; declared in a plenary address today at the 17th International AIDS Conference in Mexico City.
Some health and development specialists are arguing over the attention paid to the disease. AIDS, some say, is exaggerated as a threat, AIDS gets too much money, and AIDS is destroying health systems.
Many people agree that basic health-care systems need strengthening around the world. Gonsalves (pictured) is one of them.
But he argued that a retreat from the roaring pandemic affecting 33 million is not the way to go. Good health systems need to simultaneously attack specific disease threats and provide a breadth of basic health services. Taking resources from the AIDS epidemic, he said, would be an exercise in “doing less for less …. provid(ing) a few basic interventions because doing more will create unsustainable entitlements for the poor.”
Gonsalves labels this thinking “ &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a class="aptureLink snap_noshots" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malthusianism" aptureproxy="6" modo="false"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;Malthusianism&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt; for the masses, while (proponents) have access to the highest level of care for themselves and their families.”
Maybe the best answer boils down to good management. Well-managed AIDS programs seek to build up systems by training workers, building clinics and labs. Sometimes they shine a light on health gaps — as did the &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.achap.org/" target="blank" modo="false"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;African Comprehensive HIV/AIDS Partnerships&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt; in Botswana, the free AIDS drug program by Merck and the Gates Foundation that languished unused until needed clinic infrastructure was created.&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/32597052-3356957469739864391?l=paulolotufo.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://paulolotufo.blogspot.com/feeds/3356957469739864391/comments/default' title='Postar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=32597052&amp;postID=3356957469739864391' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/32597052/posts/default/3356957469739864391'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/32597052/posts/default/3356957469739864391'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://paulolotufo.blogspot.com/2008/08/aids-muito-ou-pouco-recurso.html' title='AIDS: muito ou pouco recurso?'/><author><name>Paulo A. Lotufo</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/00246144050660663066</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry></feed>
